Effects of resistance training on cardiovascular health in non-obese active adolescents

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics at baseline and following the intervention by group

	Resistance training group (n = 19)		Control group (n = 19)		Time effect (P value)	Group effect (P value)	Interaction (P value)
	Baseline	After	Baseline	After
Age, yr	12.3 ± 0.42	12.5 ± 0.42	12.1 ± 0.30	12.3 ± 0.30	< 0.001	0.100	1.000
Height, cm	151.4 ± 5.8	153.4 ± 5.5	151.0 ± 8.6	152.7 ± 8.8	< 0.001	0.800	0.300
Mass, kg	42.8 ± 6.7	44.3 ± 7.3	40.5 ± 7.1	41.9 ± 7.3	< 0.001	0.300	0.800
Body mass index, kg/m2	18.6 ± 2.4	18.8 ± 2.5	17.7 ± 2.3	17.9 ± 2.1	0.048	0.200	0.700
Body fat, %	19.0 ± 6.1	19.0 ± 6.1	16.3 ± 3.7	16.3 ± 3.7	1.000	0.100	0.900
Fat free mass, %	34.9 ± 4.5	36.1 ± 4.9	33.9 ± 5.9	35.0 ± 6.1	< 0.001	0.900	0.600
SBP, mmHg	110 ± 9	107 ± 11	108 ± 11	107 ± 9	0.131	0.780	0.461
DBP, mmHg	68 ± 6	67 ± 8	67 ± 8	67 ± 7	0.652	0.751	0.557
TC, mmol/L	3.9 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.5	4.2 ± 0.7	0.025	0.025	0.814
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.5 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.5	0.220	0.047	0.278
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.0 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.5	< 0.001	0.199	0.850
TG, mmol/L	1.0 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.4	1.0 ± 0.4	0.554	0.756	0.848
Glucose, mmol/L	5.1 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.3	0.269	0.094	0.315
log insulin, pmol/L	4.4 ± 0.5	4.1 ± 0.3	4.0 ± 0.5	3.9 ± 0.5	0.027	0.099	0.169
hsCRP, mg/L	0.31 ± 0.45	0.25 ± 0.35	0.19 ± 0.18	0.65 ± 2.3	0.486	0.638	0.344
Peak VO2, mL/min	1741 ± 322	1870 ± 446	1776 ± 466	1963 ± 540	0.003	0.700	0.500
Peak VO2, mL/kg per minute	40.5 ± 7.1	41.8 ± 8.0	43.1 ± 8.8	45.6 ± 7.9	0.081	0.300	0.600

Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values were obtained from repeated measures ANOVA. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastole blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; hsCRP: High sensitive C-reactive protein; VO₂: Oxygen consumption.

Table 2 Endothelial function of the brachial artery at baseline and following the intervention by group

	Resistance training group (n = 17)		Control group (n = 15)		Time effect (P value)	Group effect (P value)	Interaction (P value)
	Baseline	After	Baseline	After
FMD, %	8.5 ± 1.0	9.8 ± 1.3	8.8 ± 1.2	8.9 ± 0.9	0.001	0.451	0.005
NMD, %	21.7 ± 2.8	20.7 ± 1.8	22.5 ± 2.9	21.5 ± 2.7	0.011	0.336	0.985

Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values were obtained from repeated measures ANOVA. FMD: Flow-mediated dilation; NMD: Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation.

Table 3 Twenty-four hours ambulatory blood pressure at baseline and following the intervention by group

	Resistance training group (n = 19)		Control group (n = 19)		Time effect (P value)	Group effect (P value)	Interaction (P value)
	Baseline	After	Baseline	After
Awake
SBP, mmHg	113 ± 8	111 ± 7	110 ± 9	109 ± 8	0.100	0.200	0.700
DBP, mmHg	71 ± 5	70 ± 5	68 ± 4	67 ± 5	0.400	0.093	0.900
Mean BP, mmHg	85 ± 5	84 ± 5	82 ± 4	82 ± 5	0.400	0.100	0.800
Mean HR, beat/min	87 ± 9	86 ± 7	87 ± 9	83 ± 8	0.100	0.600	0.200
Asleep
SBP, mmHg	103 ± 11	98 ± 8	101 ± 11	98 ± 9	0.041	0.800	0.600
DBP, mmHg	55 ± 7	54 ± 7	54 ± 6	54 ± 6	0.600	1.000	0.500
Mean BP, mmHg	73 ± 8	71 ± 7	73 ± 6	72 ± 6	0.200	1.000	0.600
Mean HR, beat/min	68 ± 6	70 ± 6	66 ± 8	68 ± 8	0.087	0.500	0.900

Data are presented as mean ± SD. P values were obtained from repeated measures ANOVA. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastole blood pressure; HR: Heart rate.