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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Clin Pediatr. Nov 8, 2015; 4(4): 126-134
Published online Nov 8, 2015. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v4.i4.126
Table 1 Basic characteristics of children with B19 encephalitis and encephalopathy
Case No.Ref.AgeGenderDiagnosisUnderlying disordersImmunodeficiency
1[16]8 yrMEncephalitis-
2[17]9 moMEncephalitis-
3[19,20]5 yrFEncephalitis-
4[23,24]2 moFEncephalitis-
5[23,24]2 yrMEncephalitisAcute lymphocytic leukemia+
6[23,24]2 yrFEncephalitis-
7[23,24]6 yrFEncephalitisCockayne syndrome+
8[23,24]9 yrMEncephalitis-
9[23,24]13 yrFEncephalitisCrigler-Najar syndrome-
10[23,34]13 yrMEncephalitis-
11[23,34]15 yrFEncephalitis-
12[23,24]1 dFEncephalitisNecrotizing enterocolitis Patent ductus arteriosus Respiratory distress syndrome+
13[23,24]1 dFEncephalitisVentricular septal defect Atrial septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Turner syndrome Obstructive jaundice+
14[25]8 yrFEncephalitisSickle cell disease Nephrotic syndrome+
15[25]8 yrMEncephalitisSickle cell disease Nephrotic syndrome+
16[25]12 yrFEncephalitisSickle cell disease Aplastic crisis+
17[25]14 yrMEncephalitisSickle cell disease Aplastic crisis+
18[27]10 yrFEncephalitis-
19[28]9 yrMEncephalitisNephropathic cystinosis Renal transplant+
20[30]4 yrFEncephalitis-
21[31]5 yrFEncephalitis and cerebellitis-
22[18]8 yrFEncephalopathy-
23[19]5 yrFEncephalopathy-
24[21]5 yrMEncephalopathy-
25[22]4 yrMEncephalopathyPrader-Willi syndrome-
26[26]13 yrFEncephalopathySβ + thalassemia+
27[9]8 yrFChorea encephalopathy-
28[10]1 yrMChorea encephalopathy-
29[11]1 yrMChorea encephalopathy-
30[11]1 yrFChorea encephalopathy-
31[29]9 yrFMERSHereditary spherocytosis-
32[12]11 yrMMERSHereditary spherocytosis-
33[12]10 yrMMERSHereditary spherocytosis-
34[13]9 yrFPRESAcute glomerulonephritis-
MERS: Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion; PRES: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; F: Female; M: Male.
Table 2 Clinical manifestations of children with B19 encephalitis and encephalopathy
CaseB19 related symptoms
Neurological manifestations
ComplicationsSequelae or death
No.FeverRashArthralgiaUnconsciousnessSeizureFocal neurologic signs
1++++-+Neurogenic bladderLeft weakness and clonus
2+--++-Psychomotor retardation
3++-++-Status epilepticusEpilepsy Mental retardation
4+--++--
5+--+--Cognitive deficit
6+--+-+Ataxia-
7---+--Multiple organ failure Acute renal failureDied
8---++-Cognitive deficit Epilepsy
9---+--Not determined
10---+-+ Right hemiparesis Ataxia-
11---+--Cognitive deficit
12---+--Died
13---+--Died
14---+++ Right hemiparesis Transient blindnessAcute renal failure Aplastic crisis Acute chest syndrome-
15---+++ Cortical blindnessAcute renal failure Aplastic crisis Acute chest syndrome-
16+--+++ Focal seizuresAcute renal failure Acute chest syndrome-
17+--++--
18+--++-Status epilepticusEpilepsy
19--+++--
20+--+++ Cerebellar syndromeCerebellar syndrome
21++-++-Cerebellar syndrome
22--+++--
23-+-++--
24---+--Pancytopenia Liver dysfunction-
25---+--Spastic quadriplegia
26+--+--Aplastic crisis-
27---+-+ Chorea-
28---+-+ Chorea-
29---+++ Left hemiparesis Athetosis-
30---+++ Left hemiparesis Choreo-athetosisGlobal developmental delay
31++-+--Aplastic crisis Pancytopenia-
32+--+--Aplastic crisis HLH Pancytopenia-
33+--+--Aplastic crisis HLH Pancytopenia-
34++-+++ Loss of visionTransient SLE symptoms Hypertension-
HLH: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Table 3 Laboratory data and treatment of children with B19 encephalitis and encephalopathy
CaseAnemiaSerum B19 markers
CSF B19 markers
CSF
IVIG
No.IgMIgGDNAIgMIgGDNAPleocytosisIncreased proteinand/or steroids
1-+--
2--+-
3-+++-++-
4-----+-IVIG
5+-----
6+--+---
7---+-
8++-+--+-
9-+-
10-+--
11-++-
12++-++-+-
13+-----+-
14+++++-
15+++++-
16+++++-
17+++++-
18-+---++IVIG and steroids
19+++++-
20---+--++-IVIG and steroids
21-++++++Steroids
22++++--
23-++++-+-
24+++++-+-
25-+++--+++-
26+++-----Steroids
27+++---
28-+++--IVIG and steroids
29-+--
30++-+--
31+-+++--Steroids
32+--IVIG
33+--IVIG
34+++++---
IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid.