Cross-sectional association of fitness, fatness, and dyslipidemia with metabolic syndrome in youth

Table 1 General characteristics of participants stratified by sex (n = 403)

Variable	Total (n = 403)	Girls (n = 201)	Boys (n = 202)	t-value	P value
Age (years)	14.7 ± 2.3	14.8 ± 2.3	14.7 ± 2.2	0.586	0.558
APHV (years)	13.3 ± 1.1	12.5 ± 0.8	14.1 ± 0.8	20.068	< 0.001
MO (years)	1.4 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.7	0.6 ± 1.0	10.029	< 0.001
Height (cm)	160.2 ± 9.8	159.6 ± 7.1	160.9 ± 11.9	0.303	0.193
Weight (kg)	53.1 ± 12.5	55.5 ± 12.1	50.8 ± 12.5	3.784	0.016
BMI (Kg.m-2)	20.5 ± 3.5	21.7 ± 4.0	19.3 ± 2.6	6.929	< 0.001
WC (cm)	65.8 ± 8.8	67.2 ± 9.4	64.4 ± 8.0	2.273	0.001
20-MST (lap)	32.2 ± 16.8	24.9 ± 13.3	39.5 ± 16.8	9.697	< 0.001
TG (mMol. L-1)	1.0 ± 0.9	1.1 ± 1.2	0.9 ± 0.4	1.653	0.100
HDL-C (mMol. L-1)	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	1.090	0.276
TG/HDL-C	0.9 ± 0.6	1.0 ± 0.6	0.8 ± 0.5	1.697	0.091
TC/HDL-C	2.8 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.7	2.082	0.038
VAI	1.2 ± 0.7	1.6 ± 0.8	0.8 ± 0.6	3.912	< 0.001
FPG (mMol.L-1)	5.1 ± 0.7	5.0 ± 0.7	5.1 ± 0.7	0.401	0.157
MetS	-7.7 ± 3.1	-7.2 ± 3.2	-8.1 ± 3.0	2.839	0.005

BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; VAI: Visceral adiposity index; 20-MST: Multistage shuttle run test.

Table 2 Comparison of participants according to their metabolic risk status

Variable	Low (n = 107)	Girls			Boys
		High (n = 94)	Total (n = 201)	Low (n = 119)	High (n = 83)	Total (n = 202)
Age	13.9 ± 2.4	15.9 ± 1.6	14.8 ± 2.3b	13.9 ± 1.9	15.8 ± 2.2	14.7 ± 2.2b
Body mass	53.0 ± 14.0	58.2 ± 8.9	55.5 ± 12.1b	50.2 ± 11.8	51.7 ± 13.8	50.8 ± 12.5
BMI	20.8 ± 4.5	22.7 ± 3.0	21.7 ± 4.0b	19.0 ± 2.2	19.9 ± 3.0	19.9 ± 3.0a
CRF	29.2 ± 12.0	20.0 ± 13.0	24.9 ± 13.3b	48.1 ± 15.1	27.2 ± 10.1	27.2 ± 10.1b
VAI	0.86 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 1.8	1.6 ± 0.7b	0.58 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.6b
TG/HDL	0.56 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.6b	0.58 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.5b
TC/HDL	0.20 ± 0.3	0.50 ± 0.4	0.29 ± 0.8b	0.24 ± 0.4	0.50 ± 0.4	0.46 ± 0.4b

^aP < 0.001.

^bP < 0.05.

VAI: Visceral adiposity index; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; BMI: Body mass index; TG/HDL-C: Triglycerides-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC/HDL-C: Total Cholesterol-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Standardized regression coefficients on the association among health markers and metabolic risk score (n = 403)

Sex	Predictor	r2	r2∆	Model 1		Model 2
				Β	p	β	p
Girls	Age	0.856	0.687	0.498	0.054	0.043	0.708
	MO	-	-	-0.086	0.737	0.117	0.116
	CRF	-	-	-	-	-0.132	< 0.001
	BMI	-	-	-	-	0.126	< 0.001
	VAI	-	-	-	-	1.308	< 0.001
	TG/HDL-C	-	-	-	-	-0.743	< 0.001
	TC/HDL-C	-	-	-	-	0.435	< 0.001
Boys	Age	0.810	0.488	1.561	< 0.001	0.439	0.002
	MO	-	-	-1.161	< 0.001	-0.454	< 0.001
	CRF	-	-	-	-	-0.158	< 0.001
	BMI	-	-	-	-	0.207	< 0.001
	VAI	-	-	-	-	2.300	< 0.001
	TG/HDL-C	-	-	-	-	-1.914	< 0.001
	TC/HDL-C	-	-	-	-	0.428	< 0.001

∆: Change; MO: Maturity off-set; VAI: Visceral adiposity index; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; TG/HDL-C: Triglycerides-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC/HDL-C: Total cholesterol-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for risk of metabolic syndrome among participants (n = 403)

Sex	Variable	AUC	95%CI	Cut-point	Sen	Spe	P value
Girls	CRF	0.549	0.469-0.630	23.5	0.553	0.542	0.229
	BMI	0.680	0.604-0.755	21.2	0.681	0.402	< 0.001
	VAI	0.817	0.758-0.876	0.811	0.851	0.374	< 0.001
	TG/HDL-C	0.771	0.704-0.838	0.56	0.766	0.318	< 0.001
	TC/HDL-C	0.774	0.710-0.838	2.80	0.766	0.346	< 0.001
Boys	CRF	0.430	0.349-0.510	40.5	0.410	0.513	0.090
	BMI	0.580	0.499-0.662	18.6	0.578	0.546	0.052
	VAI	0.870	0.818-0.922	0.70	0.880	0.252	< 0.001
	TG/HDL-C	0.801	0.738-0.863	0.60	0.795	0.403	< 0.001
	TC/HDL-C	0.708	0.638-0.778	2.60	0.711	0.445	< 0.001

VAI: Visceral adiposity index; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; TG/HDL-C: Triglycerides-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC/HDL-C: Total cholesterol-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol.