Systematic comparison of Kawasaki disease Z-score formulas: Enhancing diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability across populations

Table 1 Comparison of Kawasaki disease Z-score formulas

Z-score formula	Mathematical formula	Advantages	Disadvantages
Kobayashi	Z = D−μ/σ	High sensitivity in Asian children; specific for KD-related dilation	Limited applicability to non-Asian populations; requires caution in larger children
Kurotobi	Z = D−μ/σ	Detailed assessment of coronary artery segments; early detection of mild dilation	Less applicable to non-Japanese populations; may not reflect normal ranges in larger children
de Zorzi	Z = D−μ/σ	Adjusts for body surface area; allows for earlier detection of lesions	Complexity limits routine clinical use; requires further validation in diverse populations
McCrindle	Z = D−μ/σ	Broad applicability; high accuracy across various populations	Complexity requires multiple calculations; needs clinical discretion for individual patient assessment
Olivieri	Z = D−μ/σ	Suitable for diverse backgrounds; easy interpretation for KD follow-up	Complex calculations may limit use; requires validation in specific ethnic groups
Dallaire	Z = D−μ/σ	High accuracy and applicability; ideal for early detection of abnormalities	Needs further studies for KD patients; complex model may hinder practical application

D represents the measured coronary artery diameter. μ is the mean diameter of the reference population. σ is the standard deviation of the reference population. KD: Kawasaki disease.