Prediction of cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease using machine learning models

Table 1 Descriptive analysis of categorical data of congenital heart disease, n (%)

Variable	Category	Acyanotic	Cyanotic	Variable	Category	Acyanotic	Cyanotic
Gender	Female	1258 (46.4)	518 (45.5)	Father’s education	Uneducated	1102 (40.7)	702 (59.0)
	Male	1452 (53.6)	672 (54.5)		Primary/middle	1220 (45.0)	354 (29.7)
Diabetes	No	1734(64.0)	710 (59.7)		Secondary/higher	326 (12.0)	118 (9.9)
	Yes	976 (36.0)	480 (40.3)		Graduate	52 (1.9)	12 (1.0)
Smoking	No	1318 (48.6)	664 (55.8)		Masters or higher	10 (0.4)	4 (0.3)
	Yes	1392 (51.4)	526 (44.2)	Father’s occupation	Dead/ unemployed	4 (0.1)	4 (0.3)
Family History	No	858 (31.7)	510 (42.9)		Labour/former	1866 (68.9)	826 (69.4)
	Yes	1852 (68.3)	680 (57.1)		Private job	194 (7.2)	20 (1.7)
Anemia during pregnancy	No	2598 (95.9)	1150 (96.6)		Small business	620 (22.9)	328 (27.6)
	Yes	112 (4.1)	40 (3.4)		Civil servant	26 (1.0)	12 (1.0)
Inactive	No	800 (29.5)	342 (28.7)	Area	Rural	1604 (59.2)	878 (73.8)
	Yes	1910 (70.5)	848 (71.3)		Urban	1106 (40.8)	312 (26.2)
Fast food during pregnancy	No	1356 (50.0)	486 (40.8)	Home environment	Poor	1650 (60.9)	518 (43.5)
	Yes	1354 (50.0)	704 (59.2)		Normal	590 (21.8)	400 (33.6)
Low-calorie food during pregnancy	No	1036 (38.2)	472 (39.7)		Good	470 (17.3)	272(22.9)
	Yes	1674 (61.8)	718 (60.3)	Health condition	Poor	602 (22.2)	402 (33.8)
Nutrition during pregnancy	Poor	1558 (57.5)	492 (41.3)		Normal	1660 (61.3)	522 (43.9)
	Normal	532 (19.6)	382 (32.1)		Good	448 (16.5)	266 (22.4)
	Good	620 (22.9)	316 (26.6)	Interaction with partner during pregnancy	Poor	1592 (58.7)	498 (41.8)
Staple food during pregnancy	No	1720 (63.5)	692 (58.2)		Normal	558 (20.6)	392 (32.9)
	Yes	990 (36.5)	498 (41.8)		Good	560 (20.7)	300 (25.2)
Income	< 10000	20 (0.70)	18 (1.5)	Health care quality	Poor	1540 (56.8)	506 (42.5)
	10000 to 20000	2076 (76.6)	956 (80.3)		Normal	660 (24.4)	414 (34.8)
	> 20000	614 (22.7)	216(18.2)		Good	510 (18.8)	270 (22.7)
Mother’s education	Uneducated	1492 (55.1)	690 (58.0)	Health care access	No	2034 (75.1)	770 (64.7)
	Primary/middle	1002 (37.0)	404 (33.9)		Yes	676 (24.9)	420 (35.3)
	Secondary/higher	200 (7.4)	90 (7.6)	Housing tenure	Owned	2628 (97.0)	1164 (97.8)
	Graduate	8 (0.3)	6 (0.5)		Rented	82 (3.0)	26 (2.2)
	Masters or higher	8 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	Housing condition	Poor	630 (23.2)	528 (44.4)
					Normal	1742 (64.3)	548 (46.1)
					Good	338 (12.5)	114 (9.6)

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression models by using stepwise selection approach

Variable	Categories4	SLR		SLRAD
		OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
(Intercept)	-	2.006	0.300-13.400	0.000	-
History	Yes	0.5511	0.463-0.656	0.5411	0.454-0.646
Fast food	Yes	1.2892	1.027-1.618	1.3312	1.056-1.677
Staple food	Yes	0.7943	0.609-1.034	0.803	0.615-1.049
Nutrition	Normal	0.668	0.345-1.294	0.698	0.382-1.273
	Poor	0.6212	0.409-0.942	0.5711	0.382-0.853
Children	-	1.3681	1.267-1.476	1.3651	1.264-1.473
Family income	< 20000	0.2761	0.124-0.614	0.2631	0.118-0.588
	10000 to 20000	0.3962	0.181-0.866	0.3902	0.177-0.857
Mother education	Master or higher	0.000	0-2.96E+163	0.998	-
	Primary/middle	0.474	0.129-1.744	3.96E+05	-
	Secondary/higher	0.781	0.208-2.933	7.09E+05	-
	Uneducated	0.3003	0.082-1.106	2.58E+05	-
Father’s education	Master or higher	0.391	0.053-2.907	0.000	-
	Primary/middle	1.984	0.779-5.053	2.6303	0.907-7.624
	Secondary/higher	1.950	0.775-4.909	2.5993	0.902-7.489
	Uneducated	6.2211	2.395-16.160	8.5161	2.875-25.225
Father’s occupation	Dead/unemployed	0.672	0.101-4.478	8.65E+05	-
	Labour/former	0.3362	0.123-0.914	0.736	0.196-2.768
	Private job	0.0821	0.026-0.259	0.1451	0.035-0.611
	Small business	0.465	0.168-1.292	0.986	0.259-3.761
Dwelling area	Urban	0.5821	0.478-0.710	0.5541	0.453-0.678
Partner interaction	Normal	1.060	0.583-1.927	-	-
	Poor	0.732	0.496-1.081	-	-
Quality of health care facilities	Normal	0.4682	0.25-0.878	0.4091	0.226-0.743
	Poor	0.682	0.421-1.104	0.5031	0.316-0.802
Housing tenure	Rented	0.5112	0.276-0.946	0.4372	0.227-0.841
Housing condition	Normal	1.4982	1.053-2.131	1.5542	1.086-2.225
	Poor	2.8521	2.04-3.987	3.0041	2.136-4.225

¹Significance at 1%;

²Significant at 5%;

³Significant at 10%.

⁴Reference categories are: Family history “no”, use of fast food “no”, use of staple food “no”, nutrition “good”, partner interaction “good”, quality of health care facilities “good”, housing condition “good”, family income “< 10000”, father’s education “primary/middle”, father’s occupation “civil servant”, and housing tenure “owned”.

Table 3 Performance comparison of models

Model	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity	Specificity
SLRM	86.01	0.849–0.871	49.62	98.38
SLRAD	88.57	0.876-0.896	57.69	98.69
ANN	90.12	0.892–0.910	65.76	97.23

AUC: Area under the curve; SLR: Logistic regression; SLRAD: Subset logistic regression after deletion; ANN: Artificial neural network.