Prevalence of obesity, determinants, and its association with hyperglycaemia among community dwelling older adolescents in India

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v13.i4.91638

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Dec 9, 2024 (publication date) through Oct 31, 2024

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2024; 13(4): 91638
Published online Dec 9, 2024. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i4.91638

Table 1 Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the study participants

Variables	Males, n = 129127¹	Females, n = 128901¹	Total, n = 258028²
Age in years, mean (SD)	16.97 (1.39)	17.00 (1.40)	16.99 (1.40)
Respondents’ education, n = 257984
No education	4185 (43.39)	5533 (56.61)	9718 (3.86)
Primary education	7442 (51.08)	7315 (48.92)	14757 (5.77)
Secondary education	110891 (50.33)	108314 (49.67)	219205 (83.93)
Higher education	6589 (46.51)	7715 (53.49)	14304 (6.44)
Religion, n = 139062
Hindu	12631 (12.08)	91715 (87.92)	104346 (79.95)
Muslim	2116 (11.03)	17549 (88.97)	19665 (15.69)
Others	1903 (12.86)	13148 (87.14)	15051 (4.36)
Residence
Urban	31058 (52.74)	28303 (47.26)	59361 (29.64)
Rural	98069 (48.65)	100598 (51.35)	198667 (70.36)
Wealth index
Poorest	29734 (47.99)	31166 (52.01)	60900 (21.87)
Poorer	30774 (48.73)	31748 (51.27)	62522 (22.37)
Middle	26967 (49.64)	26970 (50.36)	53937 (20.69)
Richer	22600 (50.53)	22173 (49.47)	44773 (18.8)
Richest	19052 (53.45)	16844 (46.55)	35896 (16.26)
Tobacco consumption, n = 257580
No	118792 (48.36)	126756 (51.64)	245548 (96.19)
Yes	9920 (86.28)	2112 (13.72)	12032 (3.81)
Alcohol usage, n = 257610
No	125356 (49.39)	128255 (50.61)	253611 (98.89)
Yes	3380 (87.2)	619 (12.8)	3999 (1.11)
BMI, n = 134346
Normal	12333 (10.78)	100459 (89.22)	112792 (82.74)
Thin	2333 (18.39)	10600 (81.61)	12933 (10.37)
Overweight/obese	1211 (13.47)	7410 (86.53)	8621 (6.88)
Health seeking behaviour in past 3 months, n = 139058
None	13733 (13.01)	91180 (86.99)	104913 (74.07)
Public facility	1629 (8.06)	19130 (91.94)	20759 (14.13)
Private facility	1268 (10.04)	11740 (89.96)	13008 (11.48)
Other	20 (4.44)	358 (95.56)	378 (0.32)

Data are n (weighted %) unless otherwise indicated.

¹Row-wise percentages.

²Column-wise percentages.

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Distribution of factors associated with diabetes mellitus (previously and newly diagnosed cases)

Variables	DM absent, n = 221556	DM present, n = 2359	Unadjusted RR (95%CI)	Adjusted RR (95%CI)
Age in years, mean (SD)	16.98 (1.40)	17.11 (1.40)	1.07 (1.02-1.11)^a	1.09 (1.02-1.15)^a
Sex
Male	105161 (98.87)	1168 (1.13)	Reference	-
Female	116395 (98.95)	1191 (1.05)	0.93 (0.83-1.04)
Respondents’ education
No education	7785 (99.24)	73 (0.76)	Reference	Reference
Primary education	12239 (98.95)	142 (1.05)	1.38 (0.97-1.96)	1.14 (0.74-1.75)
Secondary education	189093 (98.91)	1987 (1.09)	1.43 (1.07-1.91)^a	1.31 (0.91-1.88)
Higher education	12414 (98.83)	156 (1.17)	1.53 (1.09-2.15)^a	1.13 (0.73-1.76)
Religion
Hindu	98145 (98.95)	1006 (1.05)	Reference	-
Muslim	17820 (98.78)	210 (1.22)	1.17 (0.95-1.44)
Others	14248 (98.85)	151 (1.15)	1.10 (0.81-1.49)
Residence
Urban	49616 (98.88)	562 (1.12)	Reference	-
Rural	171940 (98.93)	1797 (1.07)	0.96 (0.84-1.11)
Wealth index
Poorest	52225 (99.05)	486 (0.95)	Reference	Reference
Poorer	54247 (98.86)	612 (1.14)	1.19 (1.01-1.41)^a	1.22 (0.97-1.53)
Middle	47012 (98.86)	523 (1.14)	1.20 (1.01-1.42)^a	1.21 (0.97-1.52)
Richer	38521 (98.89)	428 (1.11)	1.16 (0.98-1.39)	1.11 (0.88-1.41)
Richest	29551 (98.93)	310 (1.07)	1.12 (0.93-1.36)	1.19 (0.92-1.54)
Tobacco consumption
No	211095 (98.92)	2242 (1.08)	Reference	-
Yes	10087 (98.67)	115 (1.33)	1.23 (0.96-1.57)
Alcohol usage
No	217809 (98.91)	2332 (1.09)	Reference	-
Yes	3402 (99.12)	25 (0.88)	0.81 (0.47-1.38)
BMI
Normal	110800 (99.01)	1088 (0.99)	Reference	Reference
Thin	12659 (98.78)	153 (1.22)	1.24 (0.99-1.56)	1.24 (0.99-1.56)
Overweight/obese	8377 (98.13)	141 (1.87)	1.90 (1.50-2.40)^b	1.85 (1.46-2.34)^b
Health seeking behaviour in past 3 months
None	97890 (98.92)	993 (1.08)	Reference	-
Public facility	19697 (98.78)	242 (1.22)	1.14 (0.93-1.39)
Private facility	12261 (99.1)	128 (0.9)	0.84 (0.66-1.06)
Other	361 (99.4)	4 (0.6)	0.56 (0.18-1.73)

Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RR: Rate ratio.

Table 3 Distribution of factors associated with treatment status in diabetes mellitus (previously diagnosed cases)

Variables	On treatment, n = 1088	Not on treatment, n = 656	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	Adjusted OR (95%CI)
Age in years, mean (SD)	17.00 (1.39)	17.24 (1.42)	1.13 (1.03-1.24)^a	1.08 (0.95-1.24)
Sex
Male	553 (63.81)	308 (36.19)	Reference	-
Female	535 (57.93)	348 (42.07)	1.28 (0.98-1.67)
Respondents’ education
No education	38 (70.58)	16 (29.42)	Reference	Reference
Primary education	66 (57.18)	44 (42.82)	1.80 (0.75-4.29)	1.61 (0.53-4.88)
Secondary education	922 (61.92)	547 (38.08)	1.48 (0.70-3.09)	1.10 (0.44-2.78)
Higher education	62 (48.58)	48 (51.42)	2.54 (1.07-6.04)^a	1.77 (0.59-5.32)
Religion
Hindu	445 (59.12)	289 (40.88)	Reference	-
Muslim	99 (63.13)	54 (36.87)	0.84 (0.48-1.47)
Others	83 (53.26)	43 (46.74)	1.27 (0.63-2.55)
Residence
Urban	238 (60.22)	172 (39.78)	Reference	-
Rural	850 (61.09)	484 (38.91)	0.96 (0.68-1.37)
Wealth index
Poorest	262 (69.36)	110 (30.64)	Reference	Reference
Poorer	271 (60.54)	177 (39.46)	1.48 (0.97-2.24)	1.12 (0.64-1.97)
Middle	225 (55.31)	158 (44.69)	1.83 (1.21-2.77)^a	2.13 (1.20-3.78)^a
Richer	183 (54.72)	130 (45.28)	1.87 (1.22-2.87)^a	1.45 (0.80-2.62)
Richest	147 (65.45)	81 (34.55)	1.19 (0.75-1.90)	1.17 (0.62-2.19)
Tobacco consumption
No	1029 (60.67)	627 (39.33)	Reference	-
Yes	57 (63.97)	29 (36.03)	0.87 (0.48-1.57)
Alcohol usage
No	1075 (60.87)	649 (39.13)	Reference	-
Yes	11 (45.38)	7 (54.62)	1.87 (0.46-7.56)
BMI
Normal	506 (59.10)	311 (40.90)	Reference	-
Thin	71 (60.64)	46 (39.36)	0.94 (0.55-1.59)
Overweight/obese	56 (59.81)	33 (40.19)	0.97 (0.54-1.74)
Health seeking behaviour in past 3 months
None	484 (63.34)	255 (36.66)	Reference	Reference
Public facility	97 (48.34)	87 (51.66)	1.85 (1.20-2.83)^a	1.76 (1.14-2.71)^a
Private facility	44 (47.45)	44 (52.55)	1.91 (1.11-3.30)^a	1.99 (1.14-3.47)^a
Other	2 (100)	0 (0)	-	-

Data are n (weighted %) unless otherwise indicated.

^aP < 0.05.

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OR: Odds ratio. OR > 1 shows higher odds of not being on treatment for DM.

Table 4 Distribution of factors associated with overweight and/or obesity among older adolescents

Variables	Normal/thin, n = 125725	Overweight/obesity, n = 8621	Unadjusted RR (95%CI)	Adjusted RR (95%CI)
Age in years, mean (SD)	16.99 (1.40)	17.03 (1.42)	1.02 (1.001-1.04)^a	1.01 (0.99-1.03)
Sex
Male	14666 (92.11)	1211 (7.89)	1.17 (1.06-1.29)^a	1.10 (1.01-1.20)^a
Female	111059 (93.25)	7410 (6.75)	Reference	Reference
Respondents’ education
No education	5068 (96.24)	213 (3.76)	Reference	Reference
Primary education	7092 (95.48)	343 (4.52)	1.20 (0.97-1.50)	1.08 (0.86-1.35)
Secondary education	106285 (92.96)	7397 (7.04)	1.87 (1.57-2.24)^b	1.28 (1.06-1.54)^a
Higher education	7266 (91.25)	667 (8.75)	2.33 (1.91-2.85)^b	1.26 (1.02-1.56)^a
Religion
Hindu	93663 (93.5)	6088 (6.5)	Reference	Reference
Muslim	16969 (91.78)	1353 (8.22)	1.27 (1.15-1.40)^b	1.21 (1.10-1.34)^b
Others	13385 (90.81)	1086 (9.19)	1.41 (1.25-1.60)^b	1.18 (1.04-1.33)^a
Residence
Urban	26192 (89.28)	3028 (10.72)	1.97 (1.84-2.12)^b	1.28 (1.18-1.38)^b
Rural	99533 (94.57)	5593 (5.43)	Reference	Reference
Wealth index
Poorest	31167 (96.82)	1013 (3.18)	Reference	Reference
Poorer	31730 (95.26)	1615 (4.74)	1.49 (1.33-1.67)^b	1.45 (1.29-1.63)^b
Middle	26511 (93.11)	1911 (6.89)	2.17 (1.93-2.43)^b	2.00 (1.77-2.25)^b
Richer	21175 (90.65)	2001 (9.35)	2.94 (2.63-3.29)^b	2.49 (2.22-2.80)^b
Richest	15142 (87.17)	2081 (12.83)	4.04 (3.61-4.51)^b	3.24 (2.86-3.67)^b
Tobacco consumption
No	122540 (93.08)	8446 (6.92)	Reference	Reference
Yes	3108 (95.33)	168 (4.67)	0.67 (0.53-0.86)^a	0.96 (0.74-1.25)
Alcohol usage
No	124667 (93.1)	8563 (6.9)	Reference	Reference
Yes	992 (95.62)	52 (4.38)	0.64 (0.42-0.96)^a	0.78 (0.50-1.21)
Incident DM
No	124060 (93.21)	8430 (6.79)	Reference	Reference
Yes	331 (81.82)	57 (18.18)	2.68 (1.97-3.62)^b	2.43 (1.82-3.24)^b

Data are n (weighted %) unless otherwise indicated.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; DM: Diabetes mellitus; RR: Rate ratio.

Citation: Maheshwari V, Basu S. Prevalence of obesity, determinants, and its association with hyperglycaemia among community dwelling older adolescents in India. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13(4): 91638
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v13/i4/91638.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v13.i4.91638