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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Pediatr. Jun 9, 2023; 12(3): 151-161
Published online Jun 9, 2023. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i3.151
Published online Jun 9, 2023. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i3.151
Table 1 Demographic characteristics and parameters from Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH study in children diagnosed with extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease and no extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease, n, (%)
Characteristics | No extraesophageal GERD (n = 33) | Diagnosed extraesophageal GERD by MII-pH study (n = 18) | P value | |
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
Age (yr) (median, IQR) | 1.67 (0.91, 3.38) | 4.58 (1.70, 13.15) | 0.174 | |
Age < 1 yr | 10 (30.3) | 2 (11.1) | ||
Age ≥ 1 yr | 23 (69.7) | 16 (88.9) | ||
Sex, male | 17 (51.5) | 10 (55.6) | 1 | |
Underlying diseases | 0.441 | |||
Respiratory disorder | ||||
Bronchiectasis | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
Chronic lung disease | 7 (21.21) | 2 (11.11) | ||
Congenital hypoventilation syndrome | 0 | 2 (11.11) | ||
Subglottic stenosis | 0 | 1 (5.56) | ||
Tracheobronchomalacia | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
Laryngomalacia | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
BRUE | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
Chronic cough | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
Neurological disorder | ||||
Swallowing dysfunction | 2 (6.06) | 1 (5.56) | ||
Spastic cerebral palsy | 2 (6.06) | 3 (16.67) | ||
Infantile spasm | 1 (3.03) | 0 | ||
Multiple anomalies | ||||
Syndromic disorder | 6 (18.18) | 2 (11.11) | ||
Non-syndromic disorder | 9 (27.27) | 7 (38.89) | ||
Indication for evaluation | ||||
Extraesophageal symptoms | 0.679 | |||
Recurrent pneumonia | 9 (27.3) | 4 (22.2) | ||
Hypersecretion | 4 (12.1) | 2 (11.1) | ||
Cough | 11 (33.3) | 10 (55.6) | ||
Glossoptosis | 1 (3.0) | 0 | ||
Tracheobronchomalacia | 1 (3.0) | 0 | ||
Stridor | 1 (3.0) | 0 | ||
Choking | 4 (12.1) | 1 (5.6) | ||
Chronic rhinosinusitis | 0 | 1 (5.6) | ||
BRUEs | 1 (3.0) | 0 | ||
Apnea | 1 (3.0) | 0 | ||
Esophageal symptoms | 0.293 | |||
Vomiting | 8 (24.2) | 6 (38.9) | ||
Heartburn | 1 (3.0) | 1 (5.6) | ||
None | 24 (72.7) | 11 (61.1) | ||
Total recorded symptoms (times, %) | 94 | 171 | 0.033 | 0.064 |
Cough | 43 (45.75) | 66 (38.60) | 0.404 | |
Irritability | 32 (34.04) | 22 (12.86) | 0.754 | |
Apparent secretion | 7 (7.44) | 17 (9.94) | 0.346 | |
GI symptoms (vomiting or heartburn) | 12 (12.77) | 66 (38.60) | 0.081 | |
Impedance parameters (median, IQR) | ||||
Total time (hours) | 22.12 (20.34, 24.04) | 21.34 (19.97, 22.62) | 0.391 | |
Reflux index1 | 0.40 (0, 1.45) | 8.4 (4.43, 14.20) | 0.001 | |
Longest reflux time (min) | 1.3 (0, 4.30) | 17.2 (9.43, 38.55) | 0.001 | |
Total reflux events1 | 12 (5.00, 37.50) | 28 (18.50, 45.50) | 0.032 | 0.012 |
Weakly acid reflux events | ||||
Acid reflux events | 9 (2.50, 27.00) | 10 (3.75, 21.75) | 0.79 | |
Nonacid reflux events | 1 (0, 4.50) | 15.5 (8.75, 25.25) | 0.001 | |
Symptom indices | 0 (0, 4.00) | 0 (0,1.00) | 0.381 | 0.212 |
Symptom index1 | 0 (0, 0.00) | 0 (0, 12.73) | 0.208 | |
Symptom sensitivity index1 | 0 (0, 0.00) | 0 (0, 1.40) | 0.32 | |
Symptom associated index1 | 0 (0, 0.00) | 0 (0, 85.63) | 0.168 | |
MNBI (ohms) (mean, SD) | 1897.69 (806.89) | 1300.48 (600.31) | 0.008 | |
PSPW (%) (mean, SD) | 53.57 (27.59) | 56.11 (15.70) | 0.721 | |
Diagnosis GERD | ||||
Gross finding (n = 25) | 8/12 (66.7) | 10/13 (76.9) | 0.673 | |
Histopathology (n = 22) | 6/11 (54.5) | 10/11 (90.9) | 0.149 |
Table 2 Comparing symptoms recorded by conventional and combined visual data object -monitoring in children who underwent multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH study (n = 17), n, (%)
Characteristics | Conventional MII-pH study | Combined video-MII-pH study | P value |
Total recorded symptoms | 120 | 220 | 0.062 |
Cough | 31 (25.83) | 46 (20.90) | 0.259 |
Irritability | 38 (31.67) | 101 (45.90) | 0.114 |
Apparent secretion | 3 (2.50) | 43 (19.55) | 0.02 |
GI symptoms (vomiting or heartburn) | 48 (40.00) | 33 (15.00) | 0.339 |
Symptom indices (median, IQR) | |||
Symptom index | 0 (0–5.00) | 0 (0–11.65) | 0.306 |
Symptom sensitivity index | 0 (0–2.65) | 0 (0–5.80) | 0.306 |
Symptom associated index | 0 (0–37.60) | 0 (0–93.15) | 0.306 |
Diagnosis GERD using symptom indices | 2 (11.76) | 5 (29.41) | 0.398 |
- Citation: Eiamkulbutr S, Dumrisilp T, Sanpavat A, Sintusek P. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with extraesophageal manifestations using combined-video, multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH study. World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12(3): 151-161
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v12/i3/151.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v12.i3.151