Adipocytokine profile in children with Kawasaki disease at a mean follow-up period of 5.5 years: A study from North India

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory features of the study population

	Study group (n = 20)	Controls (n = 20)
Male:female ratio	1.5:1	1.5:1
Age at diagnosis < 5 yr	9	-
Age at diagnosis >5 yr	11	-
Mean age at enrolment (yr)	10.1	9.1
Mean duration of follow-up (yr)	5.5	-
Treatment received during the acute phase		-
IVIg (mg/dL)	20
Aspirin (mg/dL)	20
CAAs (mg/dL)	4/20	-
Lipid profile	mean ± SD	-
LDL (mg/dL)	74.73 ± 27.82
TG (mg/dL)	118.72 ± 104.32
VLDL (mg/dL)	16.96 ± 6.72
HDL (mg/dL)	44.93 ± 11.40
TC (mg/dL)	139.76 ± 27.16
Body mass index (kg/m2)	16.68 ± 3.25	-
Lipid profile (18/20)		-
High TC (mg/dL)	2
High LDL (mg/dL)	2
Low HDL (mg/dL)	6
Borderline HDL (mg/dL)	11
High TG (mg/dL)	4
High VLDL (mg/dL)	0

IVIg: Intravenous immunoglobulin; KD: Kawasaki disease; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides, CAAs: Coronary artery abnormalities; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Adipocytokine profile in patients with Kawasaki disease and healthy controls

	Study group (n = 20), Median (IQR)	Controls (n = 20), Median (IQR)	P value
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	12.20 (9.76, 17.97)	13.95 (11.17, 22.58)	0.18
Leptin (ng/mL)	1.83 (1.13, 3.80)	1.10 (0.41, 2.88)	0.09
Resistin (ng/mL)	27.77 (18.66, 48.90)	21.20 (14.80, 27.00)	0.04a

^aP value < 0.05 was taken as significant. IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3 Correlation of adipocytokines with different lipoproteins, body mass index and age of the patients with Kawasaki disease

Characteristics	Leptin		Adiponectin		Resistin
	Correlation coefficient	P value	Correlation coefficient	P value	Correlation coefficient	P value
LDL (mg/dL)	0.030	0.90	-0.223	0.34	-0.003	0.99
TG (mg/dL)	0.076	0.75	-0.018	0.94	0.169	0.47
VLDL (mg/dL)	-0.076	0.75	0.330	0.15	0.105	0.65
HDL (mg/dL)	-0.037	0.87	0.505	0.47	0.470	0.03a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.033	0.89	-0.379	0.09	-0.217	0.35
BMI (kg/m2)	0.574	0.02a	-0.334	0.20	-0.280	0.29
Age (yr)	0.379	0.09	-0.057	0.81	-0.128	0.59

^aP value < 0.05 was taken as significant. LDL: Low density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 4 Comparison of published literature on circulating adipocytokines in children with Kawasaki disease

Ref.	Number of cases/controls	Stage of disease	CAA	Resistin	Leptin	Adiponectin
Takeshita et al[30], 2006	Cases-20; Febrile controls-15; Healthy controls-15	Acute phase (day 4-6); Convalescent phase (day 25-39)	NA	-	-	Adiponectin levels were significantly reduced in the acute phase compared to the convalescent phase. No difference between the convalescent phase and controls.
Nozue et al[15], 2010	Cases-44; Controls-17	Acute	0	Increased during the acute phase and returned to normal after IVIg administration	Not assessed	Not assessed
Fukunaga et al[19], 2010	Acute phase KD-9; Convalescent phase KD-20; Controls-21	Both acute and convalescent (> 2 yr from KD onset); 6.72 ± 3.2 yr following KD (for convalescent cases)	NA	Not assessed	Not assessed	Total and HMW adiponectin levels were lower in acute KD compared to controls; MMW and LMW adiponectin levels decreased in convalescent cases compared to controls
Qi et al[31], 2012	Cases-40; Controls-15	Acute; Afebrile; Subacute phase	6	Significantly high in the acute stage of KD and decreased with the course of the disease; No difference between patients with KD in the afebrile and subacute phase compared with the controls
Liu et al[16], 2012	KD-80; Controls-85	Acute	39	Increased compared to controls. No difference between KD with and without CAAs	No difference	Increased compared to controls. No difference between KD with and without CAAs
Kemmotsu et al[17], 2012	Cases-56; Healthy controls-30; Febrile controls-31	Acute	4	Markedly elevated in acute stage and returned to normal after IVIg administration. Non-responders to IVIg had very high resistin levels	No difference	No difference
Kim et al[18], 2014	Cases-40; Febrile controls-32; Healthy controls-15	Acute	12	Markedly elevated in the acute stage but did not predict development of CAAs	Not assessed	Not assessed
Zhang et al[32], 2018	Cases-80; Febrile controls-20; Healthy controls-20	Acute phase	24			Decreased compared to febrile controls. However, no difference compared with healthy controls
Zhang et al[33], 2021	Cases-42; Controls-20	Acute phase (1-10 d); Subacute phase (11-20 d); Convalescent phase (21-30 d)	18			Serum adiponectin was significantly lower compared to controls
Present study, 2021	KD convalescent phase-20; Controls-20	Convalescent; > 3 yr of follow-up; (mean 5.5 yr)	4	Elevated in patients with KD compared to controls	Trend towards higher levels of leptin in patients with KD compared to controls	No difference

CAAs: Coronary artery abnormalities; HMW: High molecular weight; IVIg: Intravenous immunoglobulin; KD: Kawasaki disease; LMW: Low molecular weight MMW: Medium molecular weight; NA: Not available.