Breaking the cycle: Psychological and social dimensions of pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders

Figure 1 The flow chart of the included studies.

Figure 2 The short-term psychologic impact of infant colic on the baby and the family.

Figure 3 The psychological impacts of functional constipation on both the child and the family. This figure provides a visual representation of the interconnected nature of functional constipation's psychological impacts on both the child and the family. The specific effects may vary depending on the child's age, severity of symptoms, and family dynamics.

Figure 4 Short-term psychological impacts of functional gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. Emotional distress: Excessive crying, irritability, difficulty soothing, anxiety. Sleep disturbances: Frequent waking, difficulty falling asleep, restless sleep. Feeding aversion: Refusal to eat, poor weight gain, anxiety around feeding. Social withdrawal: Avoidance of social situations, isolation. Developmental delays: Delayed physical growth, cognitive development, and motor development. Somatization: Increased complaints of stomach pain and discomfort. Behavioral issues: Temper tantrums, restlessness, oppositional behavior. GER: Gastroesophageal reflux.

Figure 5 The diagnostic approach for assessing the social and psychological impacts of Functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and children. This radial cycle-style flowchart diagram summarises the diagnostic approach for assessing the social and psychological impacts of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and children. It visually connects the central focus on comprehensive assessment with each major diagnostic step, emphasizing an integrative and thorough evaluation process. FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disorder.

Figure 6 The management process for functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disorder.