Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Pediatr. Nov 9, 2022; 11(6): 463-484
Published online Nov 9, 2022. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i6.463
Figure 1
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Figure 1  The flow chart of the study according to PRISMA 2009 guidelines.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 shows the two main types of Insulin Pumps. A: Tethered pump formed of 1: Main pump. 2: Insulin Reservoir. 3: Monitor. 4: Infusion set; B: The patch pump formed of 1: A pump adherent to the skin with no or very short tube and 2: A wireless control unit.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Basal and bolus insulin. Basal insulin is delivered continuously in a small amount as a background to keep the blood glucose levels within the target between meals. The pump can be programmed to deliver at different rates within 24 h. Bolus insulin is a large amount delivered over a short period, which can be given at any time. The pre-meal bolus is given based on the number of carbohydrates in grams. The bolus can also be given to correct high blood glucose levels.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Circadian changes in the basal insulin profile. An example of the circadian changes in the basal insulin profile. Between 12 midnight to 4:0 am, the basal rate is reduced by 20% to increase 20% between 4:0 am to 7:0 am, then will be 100% between 7:0 am to 10:0 am to be reduced by 10% between 10:0 am to 10:0 pm, then it increases again by 10% between 10:0 pm to 12 midnight.
Figure 5
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Figure 5 The different insulin bolus types. 1: The typical bolus, 2: The extended bolus, 3: The dual bolus
Figure 6
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Figure 6 Different types of insulin bolus. 1: Typical insulin bolus, 2 and 3 super bolus equal to the calculated bolus plus the basal insulin for the coming one to four hours, 4: The basal insulin rate will be 0% for the remaining four hours.
Figure 7
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Figure 7  A flow chart for a minor procedure with general anesthesia for less than two hours.
Figure 8
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Figure 8 Approved insertion sites and different types of insertion site rotation. A: There are four approved sites for the subcutaneous injection of insulin: Insulin Absorption Rate Fluctuation Depending on Injection Site; B: shows different types of insertion site rotation. Note that all the rotation patterns keep away from the umbilicus by at least one inch.