Angina bullosa hemorrhagica an enigmatic oral disease

Table 1 Association between angina bullosa hemorrhagica and diabetes mellitus and hypertension

Ref.	n	Diabetes	Hypertension
Grinspan et al[3]	54	24 (44%)1	0 (0%)
Giuliani et al[16]	8	1 (12.5%)	0 (0%)
Yamamoto et al[13]	11	4 (36.4%)	3 (27.3%)
Horie et al[17]	16	1 (6.25%)	6 (37.5%)
Deblauwe and van der Waal[11]	9	1 (11.1%)	0 (0%)
Serra et al[31]	4	0 (0%)	2 (50%)
Martini et al[19]	4	0 (0%)	2 (50%)
Rosa et al[10]	47	4 (8.5%)	17 (32.2%)

¹Includes patients with altered serological values of glucose and family history of diabetes.

Table 2 Clinical differential diagnosis of angina bullosa hemorrhagica with mucocutaneous diseases of an immunological basis

Disease	Type of lesion	Content of the blister	Location	Cutaneous involvement	Involvement of other mucosal membranes
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica	Subepithelial blister	Hematic	LM (soft palate)	No	Oropharynx and esophageal
Mucous membrane pemphigoid[38]	Subepithelial blisters and vesicles	Serous and serohematic	MM and LM (gingiva)	Yes	Ocular, genital, oropharynx, nasal and esophageal
Pemphigus vulgaris[39]	Intraepithelial blisters and vesicles	Serous	MM and LM (areas of friction)	Yes	Nasal, ocular, esophageal, genital, pharyngeal
Linear IgA disease[40]	Subepithelial blisters and vesicles	Serous and serohematic	MM and LM	Yes	Ocular, nasal, genital
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita[41]	Subepithelial blister	Serous, serohematic or hematic	MM and LM	Yes	Ocular, anal, vaginal, esophageal (depending on the subtype)
Bullous amyloidosis[42]	Subepithelial blister	Hematic	MM and LM	Yes	Not described

LM: Lining mucosa; MM: Masticatory mucosa.