Transoral robotic surgery for adult parapharyngeal lymphangioma: A case report

Figure 1 Magnetic resonance images (with contrast and plain) depicting a heterogeneous well enhancing lobulated lesion in the left parapharyngeal space as marked with a red arrow. A: Axial; B: Coronal.

Figure 2 Partly excised parapharyngeal mass visualized with a 30-degree endoscope indicated with a yellow arrow.

Figure 3 Hematoxylin-eosin staining. A: Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), 40 ×, section examined shows a benign vascular tumour in the soft tissue and skeletal muscle fibres with morphological feature consistent with a lymphangioma; B: HE, 100 ×, section shows vascular spaces lined by a single layer of benign endothelial cells.

Figure 4 Surgical algorithm for approach to parapharyngeal tumors including transcervical approach, transoral robotic surgery, transcervical approach with parotidectomy, transcervical approach with styloid excision, transmandibular approach. PPS: Parapharyngeal space; TC: Transcervical approach; TORS: Transoral robotic surgery; TCP: Transcervical approach with parotidectomy; TCS: Transcervical approach with styloid excision; TCM: Transmandibular approach.