Review
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Obstet Gynecol. Nov 10, 2014; 3(4): 141-147
Published online Nov 10, 2014. doi: 10.5317/wjog.v3.i4.141
Table 1 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in relation to change of paternity
Ref.DesignSample sizeMain outcome measuresFindings
Robillard et al[20]Case control74 hypertensive cases 60 controlsChange of paternityChange of paternity was 61.7%, 10% and 16.6% inn PIH group, chronic hypertension group and controls respectively (P < 0.0001)
Feeney et al[21]Matched case control47 cases with preeclampsia 47 normotensive controlsChange of paternity13 cases with paternity change vs 3 controls with paternity change (P < 0.01)
Ikedife[22]Case series46 eclamptic multiparous patients74% of subjects had paternity change
Chng[23]Case reportCase of severe preeclampsia in the patient with prior history of uneventful first pregnancy after change of paternity
Tubbergen et al[24]Retrospective case control study333 multiparous subjects with hypertensive disorder 182 multiparous normotensive subjectsChange of paternity22.6%-preeclamptic multiparas with change of paternity; 27.0%-HELLP multiparas with change of paternity; 3.3%-change of paternity among normotensive multiparas OR for preeclampsia among subjects with new partner was 8.6 (95%CI: 3.1-23.5) and for HELLP 10.9 (95%CI: 3.7-32.3) comparing to normotensive subjects
Li et al[25]Retrospective cohort140147 pregnanciesIncidence of preeclampsia/eclampsiaOR for preeclampsia among women with previous normal pregnancy and change of paternity was 1.3 (95%CI: 1.1-1.6)
Trupin et al[26]Prospective cohort5800 pregnanciesIncidence of preeclampsiaAdjusted OR for preeclampsia among multiparas with change of paternity 1.4 (95%CI: 0.8-2.4)
Bandoli et al[27]Prospective cohort1396 pregnanciesIncidence of preeclampsiaOR for preeclampsia 2.75 (95%CI: 1.33-5.68) among women with change paternity
Verwoerd et al[28]Case control60 multigravidae with preeclampsiaChange of paternityChange of paternity was 38.3% vs 21.7% (cases vs controls)
60 normotensive multigravidaeUncorrected OR for preeclampsia with primipaternity 2.3 (95%CI: 0.9-5.5)
Chigbu et al[29]Prospective cohort732 pregnanciesIncidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia in 3.5% of cases vs 3.1% controls (NS)
Saftlas et al[30]Retrospective cohort4589 pregnanciesIncidence of PIH and preeclampsiaAdjusted OR for preeclampsia among women with history of abortion who conceived again with same partner 0.55 (95%CI: 0.21-0.97)
Olayemi et al[31]Prospective cohort2630Incidence of hypertension in pregnancyHistory of same paternity abortion was protective against preeclampsia (HR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.22-0.96)
Table 2 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in donor oocytes, donor sperm and donor embryos pregnancies
Ref.DesignSample sizeMain outcome measuresFindings
Donor oocytes
Söderström-Anttila et al[11]Retrospective cohort51 oocyte donation pregnancies 97 IVF age matched controlsThe incidence of PIH and preeclampsiaThe incidence of PIH in primiparae was 30% in oocyte donor recipients and 13% in IVF controls (P < 0.05), no difference in preeclampsia incidence between two groups
Salha et al[10]Retrospective cohort27 donor oocytes pregnancies 27 age-and parity matched controlsThe incidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia incidence 16% vs 3.7% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Keegan et al[38]Retrospective anonymous questionnaire study199 oocyte donor recipients 488 autologous IVF controlsThe incidence of PIHRate of pregnancy induced hypertension in < 35 years old was 42% vs 12%, P < 0.001 (cases vs controls) and > 40 years old 26% vs 14%, P = 0.003 (cases vs controls)
Klatsky et al[9]Retrospective matched cohort77 donor oocytes recipients 81 autologous IVF controlsThe incidence of PIH and preeclampsia16.9% of cases with preeclampsia vs 4.9% controls 24.7% of cases with PIH vs 7.4 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor oocytes OR = 4.0 (95%CI: 1.2-13.8) and for gestational hypertension OR = 4.2 (95%CI: 1.5-11.9)
Tranquilli et al[12]Retrospective matched cohort26 donor oocytes recipients 52 autologous ICSI pregnancies 52 AMA controlsPrevalence of preeclampsiaPrevalence of preeclampsia 19.2% in donor oocyte recipients vs 0% in autologous ICSI and AMA controls (P < 0.001)
Donor sperm
Need et al[33]Case series584 AID pregnanciesThe incidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia incidence 9.3%
Smith et al[35]Retrospective cohort37 donor insemination pregnancies 44 controlsThe incidence of preeclampsia24.3% of cases with preeclampsia vs 6.8% controls RR for preeclampsia with donor insemination RR = 1.85 (95%CI: 1.20-2.85)
Hoy et al[34]Retrospective cohort1552 donor insemination pregnancies 7717 controlsThe incidence of preeclampsia8.4% of cases with preeclampsia vs 5.2 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor insemination OR = 1.4 (95%CI: 1.2-1.8)
Salha et al[10]Retrospective cohort33 donor sperm pregnancies 33 age-and parity matched controlsThe incidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia incidence 18.2% vs 0% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Hall et al[37]Retrospective cohort45 donor insemination pregnancies 173 controlsThe incidence of proteinuric hypertensionNo difference in incidence of proteinuric hypertension between cases and controls (13.3% vs 11.0%)
Kyrou et al[36]Retrospective cohort438 donor insemination pregnancies 275 partner spermThe incidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia incidence 10.9% vs 7.2% (cases vs controls), difference 3.7%; 95%CI: -0.8 to 7.8
Donor embryos
Porreco et al[39]Retrospective cohort23 donor embryos pregnancies 24 age matched IVF controlsThe incidence of preeclampsia26% of cases with preeclampsia vs 29% controls OR for preeclampsia with donor embryos OR = 0.86 (95%CI: 0.24-3.09)
Salha et al[10]Retrospective cohort12 donor embryos pregnancies 12 age-and parity matched controlsThe incidence of preeclampsiaPreeclampsia incidence 25% vs 0% (cases vs controls), NS
Table 3 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in relation to length of sexual cohabitation and use of barrier contraception
Ref.DesignSample sizeMain outcome measuresResults
Robillard et al[7]Retrospective cohort1011 pregnanciesIncidence of PIHIncidence of PIH was 10.6% (entire cohort) and 5.1% among women with > 12 mo of sexual cohabitation (11.9% and 3.3% for primigravidae, respectively)
Verwoerd et al[28]Case control60 cases with preeclampsia 60 normotensive controlsLength of sexual cohabitationUnprotected sexual cohabitation of > 6 mo was a negative predictor for preeclampsia (coefficient -0.57, SE 0.62, P = 0.03)
Olayemi et al[31]Prospective cohort2630 pregnanciesIncidence of hypertension in pregnancyLength of sexual cohabitation before pregnancy was protective against hypertension in pregnancy (HR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.93-0.99) but not preeclampsia (HR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.00-1.15)
Kho et al[42]Prospective cohort2507 pregnanciesIncidence of preeclampsiaOR for preeclampsia were 2.32 (95%CI: 1.03-5.25) and 1.88 (95%CI: 1.05-3.36) for short sexual relationship of less then 3 mo and less then 6 mo respectively
Klonoff-Cohen et al[43] 1989Case control110 preeclamptic cases 115 normotensive controlsContraceptive and reproductive history of subjectsOR for preeclampsia for barrier contraceptive users was 2.37 (95%CI: 1.01-5.58)
Mills et al[44]Merge data from two prospective cohort studies13914 pregnancies (total)Incidence of preeclampsiaOR for preeclampsia in barrier contraceptive users were 0.85 (95%CI: 0.71-1.12) (one study) and 0.85 (95%CI: 0.49-1.45) (second study)
Saftlas et al[46]Case control258 cases 182 controlsLength of sexual cohabitationOR for preeclampsia among women with long (> 90%) sexual relation-OR = 0.3 (95%CI: 0.1-0.9)