Published online Oct 10, 2012. doi: 10.5317/wjog.v1.i3.35
Revised: July 9, 2012
Accepted: September 12, 2012
Published online: October 10, 2012
AIM: To report the results of two phase II studies of chemotherapy in patients with platinum-resistant and platinum-refractory ovarian cancer and discuss the current status of systemic therapy in this disease.
METHODS: Two subsequent Austrian Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) phase II studies have been carried out. Patients either had platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant disease, i.e., disease progression during first line platinum-based therapy or recurrence within 6 mo following the last platinum-containing chemotherapy, respectively. In the first study, 6 cycles of irinotecan at 55 mg/m2 and docetaxel 25 mg/m2 were both administered on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 4 wk cycle. In the second phase II study, either non-pegylated (PEG) liposomal doxorubicin (L-DXR) 60 mg/m2 monotherapy on day 1 and PEG filgrastim on day 2 (arm A) or L-DXR at 50 mg/m2 and gemcitabine (GEM) at 650 mg/m2 on day 1 and GEM on day 8 (arm B) were administered every 4 wk. Patients in arm B received prophylactic filgrastim 5 μg/kg per day from days 3 to 6 and from days 9 to 12, respectively.
RESULTS: Response rates in studies were 14% and 17%, respectively. The progression-free survival was less than 3 mo. Diarrhea was most prevalent in patients treated with irinotecan + docetaxel, while stomatitis/mucositis occurred in a quarter of patients treated with L-DXR +/- GEM + granulocyte colony stimulating factor, respectively. Following treatment with the latter regimen, a total of 11 serious adverse events were recorded among the 12 patients included. The rate of remissions of the regimens used in these two Austrian AGO studies was low and their toxicity significant. Due to their low therapeutic index, neither of these regimens can be recommended in this heavily pretreated patient population with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer exhibiting a high tumor-associated symptom burden.
CONCLUSION: The two reported phase II studies of the Austrian AGO in platinum-resistant disease had to be terminated prematurely due to a low therapeutic index. Treatment of this disease remains a clinical dilemma. Bevacizumab seems to be active at this late-stage disease but may be associated with significant bowel toxicity.
- Citation: Petru E, Volgger B, Bogner G, Angleitner-Boubenizek L, Deibl M, Schauer C, Reinthaller A, Wolfram G, Zeimet AG, Marth C. Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: Prematurely stopped phase II Austrian AGO chemotherapy studies. World J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 1(3): 35-39
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6220/full/v1/i3/35.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5317/wjog.v1.i3.35
Ovarian cancer carries the highest mortality among all gynecological malignancies. In this disease, after an initial response to platinum and a taxane, resistance development is a significant problem. At this stage of disease, patients usually suffer from significant tumor-related symptoms and chemotherapy is only moderately active. The median survival lies between 6 and 11 mo[1,2].
In platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, monotherapy with pegylated (PEG)-liposomal doxorubicin (L-DXR), weekly paclitaxel, topotecan and gemcitabine (GEM) are the most commonly used agents[3,4]. There is an urgent need for more effective therapies able to induce a remission and thus leading to effective palliation.
Since 2005, the Austrian Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) has initiated three subsequent studies which investigated the use of combination regimens in platinum-refractory and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. One study of topotecan and γ-interferon will be published elsewhere.
The results of the other two phase II studies are reported here. The aim was to define the response rates, the progression-free survival and the toxicity profiles. The authors also discuss the current status of systemic therapy in platinum-resistant disease.
Two subsequent Austrian AGO phase II studies were carried out between 2005 and 2011 (Table 1). All patients either had platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant disease, i.e., disease progression during first-line platinum-taxane therapy or recurrence within 6 mo following the last platinum-containing chemotherapy, respectively. Patients were treated at the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Medical Universities of Graz, Innsbruck and Vienna, as well as at the Departments of Gynecology of the Hospitals Barmherzige Schwestern in Linz, Ried and the Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Graz and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wels, Neunkirchen and Kufstein.
| Weekly Irinotecan + docetaxel | Liposomal doxorubicin +/- gemcitabine + G-CSF | |
| Included/planned | 15/45 | 12/80 |
| Years of study inclusion | 2005-2006 | 2008-2011 |
| Age (yr), median (range) | 56 (33-77) | 65 (46-77) |
| Previous regimens, median (range) | 1.9 (1-4) | 1.6 (1-3) |
| Platinum-refractory disease | 8 (53) | 1 (8) |
| Platinum-resistant disease | 7 (47) | 11 (92) |
| No. of previous chemotherapy regimens | ||
| 1 | 8 (53) | 1 (8) |
| 2 | 3 (13) | 10 (83) |
| 3 | 2 (13) | 1 (8) |
| 4 | 2 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Previous taxanes | 12 (80) | 12 (100) |
| Complete response | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Partial response | 1 (7) | 2 (17) |
| Stable disease | 2 (13) | 2 (17) |
| Progressive disease | 11 (73) | 8 (67) |
| Progression-free survival (mo), median (range) | 2.8 (2.0-3.6) | 2.1 (1.0-9.0) |
| Overall survival from study inclusion (mo), median (range) | 10 (7.8-12.2) | 10 (2.1-44.2) |
Both studies were approved by the institutional Ethics Committees. For inclusion, patients had to sign an informed consent, to have no secondary cancer, no previous radiotherapy, no active infections, an adequate bone marrow function and liver parameters, as well as a serum creatinine of less than 2.5 × normal.
Progression was defined as the occurrence of new measurable disease by computed tomography scan and/or by chest X-ray.
In the first study, treatment consisted of 6 cycles of irinotecan at 55 mg/m2 and docetaxel 25 mg/m2, both administered on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 4 wk cycle.
In the second randomized phase II study, either non-PEG L-DXR 60 mg/m2 monotherapy on day 1 and PEG filgrastim on day 2 (arm A) or L-DXR at 50 mg/m2 and GEM at 650 mg/m2 on day 1 and GEM on day 8 (arm B) were administered every 4 wk, respectively. Patients in arm B received prophylactic filgrastim 5 μg/kg per day from days 3 to 6 and from days 9 to 12, respectively.
Pretreatment patient characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Efficacy results of the two phase II studies with irinotecan + docetaxel and L-DXR +/- GEM + G-CSF are shown in Table 1. In brief, the majority had platinum-resistant disease and the response rates were 14% and 17%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was less than 3 mo and the overall survival 10 mo, respectively.
Grade 3 and 4 toxicities are outlined in Table 2 and serious adverse events (SAE) in Table 3, respectively. Diarrhea was most prevalent in patients treated with irinotecan + docetaxel, while stomatitis/mucositis occurred in a quarter of patients treated with L-DXR +/- GEM, respectively. Table 3 shows the SAE observed in both studies. Following treatment with L-DXR +/- GEM, a total of 11 SAE occurred among the 12 patients included.
| Grade 3 and 4 toxicity | Weekly irinotecan + docetaxel | Liposomal doxorubicin +/- gemcitabine + G-CSF |
| Patients | 15 (100) | 12 (100) |
| Neutropenia grade 4 | 0 (0) | 2 (17) |
| Neutropenia grade 3 | 2 (13) | 4 (33) |
| Febrile neutropenia grade 4 | 1 (7) | 2 (17) |
| Leucopenia grade 3 | 2 (13) | 3 (25) |
| Leucopenia grade 4 | 0 (0) | 1 (8) |
| Thrombocytopenia grade 4 | 0 (0) | 2 (17) |
| Nausea grade 3 | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
| Stomatitis/mucositis grade 3 | 0 (0) | 3 (25) |
| Diarrhea grade 3 | 4 (27) | 0 (0) |
| Diarrhea grade 4 | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Infection grade 3 | 0 (0) | 2 (17) |
| Fatigue grade 3 | 1 (7) | 2 (17) |
| Pain grade 3 | 1 (7) | 2 (17) |
| Thromboembolism grade 3 | 2 (13) | 1 (7) |
| Weight gain grade 3 | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Type of SAE | Weekly irinotecan + docetaxel (n = 15) | Liposomal doxorubicin +/- gemcitabine (n = 12) |
| Subileus and fatigue | 0 | 3 (25) |
| Uncontrollable vomiting and fever | 0 | 2 (17) |
| Febrile neutropenia | 0 | 1 (8) |
| Pulmonary embolism/deep pelvic vein thrombosis | 2 (13) | 1 (8) |
| Pneumonia | 0 | 1 (8) |
| Significant pleural effusion | 0 | 1 (8) |
| Mucositis/diarrhea | 1 (7) | 1 (8) |
| Generalized edema | 0 | 1 (8) |
| Total number of SAE | 3 (20) | 11 (91) |
Both studies were stopped prematurely based on a decision of the AGO steering committee. It was felt that the harms for the patients in terms of toxicity were greater than its potential use.
Quality of life was examined in both phase II studies. However, the early termination of both studies prohibited meaningful analyses.
Table 4 shows commonly used systemic therapy regimens in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.
| Chemotherapy regimen | Dose | Interval | Remarks |
| PEG-liposomal doxorubicin | 40-45 mg/m2 per day iv | day 1 every 4 wk | No alopecia, non-significant nausea/emesis, minor myelosuppression, significant hand-foot syndrome in 10% to 20%, respectively |
| Paclitaxel weekly | 80 mg/m2 per day iv (1-h-infusion) | Once weekly for three doses followed by 2 wk rest | Complete alopecia, no peroral premedication with dexamethasone necessary, minor myelosuppression, less neurotoxicity compared with 3-weekly paclitaxel |
| Gemicitabine | 1000-1250 mg/m2 per day iv | Days 1 + 8 every 3 wk | No alopecia, minor nausea/emesis, significant myelosuppression |
| Topotecan weekly | 4 mg/m2 per day iv | Days 1, 8, 15 every 4 wk | Moderate myelosuppression, rarely emesis/nausea, rarely significant alopecia |
| Bevacizumab | 15 mg/kg per day iv | Day 1 every 3 wk | Significant hypertension, gastrointestinal perforations in up to 11% |
| Tamoxifen | 20 mg/d | Daily | Response rate around 10%, mild toxicity |
Both phase II AGO studies in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer reported here exerted only a low therapeutic index. The rate of remissions was low and the toxicity significant. In the second phase II study, G-CSF was prophylactically administered. However, its administration did not increase the tolerability of these regimens (Tables 2 and 3). Both studies were terminated prematurely.
In platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer, treatment options are limited. Most patients die from the disease within 1 year[1,2] (Table 2). In this late stage disease, not only grade 3 or 4 toxicities but even the combination of several grade 2 toxicities, such as stomatitis, nausea, vomiting or fatigue, can deteriorate the patient′s performance status and motivation. Thus, the combination of cancer-related symptoms and toxicities is particularly critical when two-drug regimens are used.
There are only a limited number of studies published in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, including one from our group in which combination therapy was found to be significantly effective on one hand and acceptably tolerated on the other[5]. Canfosfamide and PEG L-DXR showed a better therapeutic index than PEG L-DXR alone in one randomized phase II study. Palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia and stomatitis were less pronounced in the combination arm[6].
Recently, single agent NKTR-102, a topoisomerase I-inhibitor polymer conjugate, demonstrated a response in 20% of patients after failure on PEG L-DXR[7].
In platinum-resistant disease, the induction of a remission is particularly necessary to reduce cancer-related symptoms, including subileus, abdominal distension and dyspnea[2].
In combination with tamoxifen, targeted therapy such as gefitinib, a tyrosin kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor, has shown only modest efficacy in platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer. This regimen was associated with significant drug-related adverse events, including diarrhea and acne-like rash[8].
Bevacizumab is an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. In a phase II study, bevacizumab monotherapy resulted in a remarkable response rate in 16% in patients with platinum-resistant disease. However, gastrointestinal perforation occurred in as many as 11% of patients[9]. The prevalence of the latter complication was also high in a retrospective study which included heavily pretreated patients who had received a median of seven prior regimens. Bevacizumab was combined with cyclophosphamide, 5-fluoruracil, docetaxel or PEG L-DXR/GEM. The 35% response rate was encouraging[10].
In one phase II study of bevacizumab and weekly topotecan, partial responses were seen in 24% and disease stabilization in another 36% of patients[11]. Although the response rate again was encouraging (46%), the combination of weekly PEG L-DXR and bevacizumab exerted significant toxicity, mainly including hand-foot syndrome and mucositis[12].
Thus, the ideal combination partner of bevacizumab remains to be defined. The Aurelia study is currently addressing this question (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00976911).
Whether pertuzumab combined with GEM[13] or other regimens may expand the current armamentarium against platinum-resistant ovarian cancer needs confirmation in larger studies.
Antihormonal treatments such as tamoxifen or gonadotropin-releasing hormones have revealed remission rates in only about 10% of patients but, in addition, disease stabilizations in about one third of women treated[14,15]. Antihormonal effects do not seem to depend on the existence of hormone receptors of the tumor. One advantage of tamoxifen and similar agents is its mild toxicity.
In conclusion, a low therapeutic index was observed in both Austrian AGO phase II studies using irinotecan + docetaxel and non-PEG doxorubicin +/- GEM + G-CSF, respectively. Both regimens cannot be recommended in platinum-resistant disease which remains a clinical dilemma. Bevacizumab seems to be active at this late-stage disease but may be associated with significant bowel toxicity. Studies defining combination partners for this monoclonal antibody are underway. Antihormonal therapy such as tamoxifen also has a place in the treatment of platinum-resistant and platinum-refractory ovarian cancer.
The authors thank Dr. Johanna Ulmer, AGO Studienzentrale, for her support in this study. The contributions of the following members of the Austrian AGO study group are particularly acknowledged: Dr. Gerda Sallinger, Graz; Dr. Sabine Kreische, Kufstein; Dr. Beda Hartmann, Neunkirchen; Dr. Ute Pfleger and Dr. Monika Neuwirth, Wiener Neustadt; Dr. Petra Kohlberger, Vienna.
The development of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer is a major clinical problem. New effective chemotherapy regimens are urgently needed.
In the situation of non platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, patients suffer from significant tumor-related symptoms and chemotherapy is only moderately active. The median survival lies between 6 and 11 mo.
In the heavily pretreated population with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, two phase II studies were unable to establish a new combination regimen with a favorable therapeutic index.
None of the combination regimens investigated by the Austrian Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie can be recommended.
Platinum-refractory and platinum-resistant recurrence: Patients either have disease progression during first-line platinum-taxane therapy or recurrence within 6 mo following the last platinum-containing chemotherapy, respectively.
This is an interesting article in this field. The randomized trial compares two treatment regimens which are different for two variables.
Peer reviewer: Federico Coccolini, MD, General and Emergency Surgery Department, Ospedali Riuniti, Largo Barozzi, 1, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
S- Editor Wang JL L- Editor Roemmele A E- Editor Zheng XM
| 1. | Markman M, Webster K, Zanotti K, Peterson G, Kulp B, Belinson J. Survival following the documentation of platinum and taxane resistance in ovarian cancer: a single institution experience involving multiple phase 2 clinical trials. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93:699-701. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 45] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 50] [Article Influence: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 2. | Doyle C, Crump M, Pintilie M, Oza AM. Does palliative chemotherapy palliate Evaluation of expectations, outcomes, and costs in women receiving chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1266-1274. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 3. | Gordon AN, Tonda M, Sun S, Rackoff W. Long-term survival advantage for women treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin compared with topotecan in a phase 3 randomized study of recurrent and refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;95:1-8. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 317] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 300] [Article Influence: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 4. | Mutch DG, Orlando M, Goss T, Teneriello MG, Gordon AN, McMeekin SD, Wang Y, Scribner DR, Marciniack M, Naumann RW. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine compared with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2811-2818. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 287] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 295] [Article Influence: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 5. | Petru E, Angleitner-Boubenizek L, Reinthaller A, Deibl M, Zeimet AG, Volgger B, Stempfl A, Marth C. Combined PEG liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine are active and have acceptable toxicity in patients with platinum-refractory and -resistant ovarian cancer after previous platinum-taxane therapy: a phase II Austrian AGO study. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102:226-229. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 20] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 6. | Vergote I, Finkler NJ, Hall JB, Melnyk O, Edwards RP, Jones M, Keck JG, Meng L, Brown GL, Rankin EM. Randomized phase III study of canfosfamide in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin compared with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin alone in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20:772-780. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 38] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 42] [Article Influence: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 7. | Garcia AA, Vergote IB, Micha JP, Pippitt CH, Rao GG, Spitz DL, Reed N, Dark GG, Ibrahim EN, Armenio VA. The role of NKTR-102 in women with platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer and failure on pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:Abstr 5047. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 8. | Wagner U, du Bois A, Pfisterer J, Huober J, Loibl S, Lück HJ, Sehouli J, Gropp M, Stähle A, Schmalfeldt B. Gefitinib in combination with tamoxifen in patients with ovarian cancer refractory or resistant to platinum-taxane based therapy--a phase II trial of the AGO Ovarian Cancer Study Group (AGO-OVAR 2.6). Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:132-137. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 74] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 79] [Article Influence: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 9. | Cannistra SA, Matulonis UA, Penson RT, Hambleton J, Dupont J, Mackey H, Douglas J, Burger RA, Armstrong D, Wenham R. Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer or peritoneal serous cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5180-5186. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 573] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 561] [Article Influence: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 10. | Wright JD, Hagemann A, Rader JS, Viviano D, Gibb RK, Norris L, Mutch DG, Powell MA. Bevacizumab combination therapy in recurrent, platinum-refractory, epithelial ovarian carcinoma: A retrospective analysis. Cancer. 2006;107:83-89. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 105] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 110] [Article Influence: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 11. | McGonigle KF, Muntz HG, Vuky J, Paley PJ, Veljovic DS, Gray HJ, Malpass TW. Phase II prospective study of weekly topotecan and bevacizumab in platinum-resistant ovarian, fallo pian tube or primary peritoneal cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:S145. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 12. | Kouta H, Kudoh K, Takano M, Kikuchi R, Kita T, Goto T, Furuya K, Kikuchi Y. The role of bevacizumab in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent or refractory ovarian cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:Abstr 5018. [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 13. | Makhija S, Amler LC, Glenn D, Ueland FR, Gold MA, Dizon DS, Paton V, Lin CY, Januario T, Ng K. Clinical activity of gemcitabine plus pertuzumab in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1215-1223. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 136] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 150] [Article Influence: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 14. | Tropé C, Marth C, Kaern J. Tamoxifen in the treatment of recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36 Suppl 4:S59-S61. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 35] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 36] [Article Influence: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 15. | Kristensen G, Kaern J, Baekelandt M, Skeje-Jesensen T, dePont Christensen R, AvalI-Lundqvist E, Bergdahl M, Sanvei R, Hoegberg T, Grenmann S. Chemotherapy versus hormonal treatment in patients with platinum and taxane resistant ovarian cancer: A NSGO study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:Abstr 5508. [Cited in This Article: ] |