Post-operative urinary retention: Review of literature

Table 1 Various risk factors for urinary retention in the postoperative period

Definitive	Equivocal	Unrelated
Age[1,3,5,9,10]; Pre-existing neurologic abnormality (stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, diabetic and alcohol neuropathy, poliomyelitis)[1,9]; Bladder volume on entry to PACU[3]; Surgical procedure (anorectal, colorectal, urogynaecolgical)[5,7,11,12]; Intraoperative aggressive fluid administration[1,3,5,6,11,13]; Postoperative pain and need for postoperative analgesia[5,7,9,11,14]; Postoperative opioid use[1,5,11]	Gender[1,3,7,9,15]; Preoperative urinary tract pathology[5,7,9,16,17]; Anaesthetic technique (general anaesthesia vs neuraxial anaesthesia)[1,2,6,9,10,12,17]; Duration of surgery[1,3,5-7,18]	American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status[18]; Presence of pelvic drain[18]; Pelvic infection[18]

PACU: Post anaesthesia care unit.