Understanding the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: Review of native ligament anatomy and function

Table 1 Summary of anatomic studies describing the length, width, and surface area of the anterior bundle

Ref.	Specimen	AB length (mm)	AB width (mm)	Origin surface area (mm2)	Insertion surface area (mm2)	AB surface area (mm2)
Alcid et al[2] 2004	-	27	4.5	-	-	121.5
Beckett et al[23] 2000	39	26.7	-	-	-	-
Camp et al[35] 2017	10	-		32.3	187.6	324.2
Dugas et al[19] 2007	13	-	6.8	45.5	127.8	-
Eygendaal et al[9] 2002	5	26	5	-	-	-
Farrow et al[22] 2014	10	53.9	-	-	-	-
Farrow et al[21] 2011	12	51.7	-	-	-	-
Floris et al[25] 1998	18	-	5.8	-	-	-
Morrey et al[10] 1985	10	27.1	4.7	-	-	-
Regan et al[17]	8	21.1	7.6	-	-	-
Safran et al[5] 2005	12	-	7.2	-	-	-
Timmerman et al[26] 1994	10	-	6	-	-	-
Frangiamore et al[20] 2018	10	21.5	-	17	66.4	-

AB: Anterior bundle.

Table 2 Maximum physiologic valgus demonstrated in various studies with noted elbow position and load applied during testing

Authors	Specimens	Maximum valgus (degrees)	Elbow flexion (degrees)	Load (nm)
Callaway et al[3] 1997	28	3.6	30, 60, 90, 120	2
Floris et al[25] 1998	18	6	20	0.75
Morrey et al[4] 1991	6	5	20	Gravity
Safran et al[5] 2005	12	11.1	70	2

Table 3 Maximum valgus reported when the anterior bundle is transected in various studies with noted elbow position and load applied during testing

Ref.	Specimens	Maximum valgus gain (degrees)	Maximum absolute valgus	Elbow flexion (degrees)	Load (nm)
Ahmad et al[8] 2004	7	7.37	-	30	2
Callaway et al[3] 1997	28	3.2	-	90	2
Floris et al[25] 1998	18	5.7	-	30	0.75
Morrey et al[4] 1991	6	3.9	-	20	gravity
Safran et al[5] 2005	12	6.3	-	50	2
Sojbjerg et al[29] 1987	12	-	11.8	70	1.5

Some studies reported gain in valgus from physiologic state, while others noted absolute valgus.

Table 4 Summary of the studies evaluating the effect of the anterior bundle on relative internal rotation of the forearm in the native and pathologic state

Ref.	Specimen	Intact AB internal rotation (degrees)	Cut AB internal rotation (degrees)	Gain of internal rotation with cut AB
Bryce et al[6] 2008	-	4	-	-
Floris et al[25] 1998	18	6	18.5	12.5
Morrey et al[4] 1991	6	2.8	7.8	5

AB: Anterior bundle.