Distally based perforator sural flaps for foot and ankle reconstruction

Table 1 Variations of distally based lateral sural flap

Vascular perforator

Middle septocutaneou perforator, located approximately 10 cm above malleolus

Lowermost septocutaneous perforator, located approximately 5 cm above malleolus

Retromalleolar perforator, located approximately 2 cm above malleolus

Pedicle component

Fasciocutaneous pedicle (full-thickness, peninsular)

Adipofascial pedicle (without overlying skin bridge, island)

Neurofasciocutaneous, neurovenofasciocutaneous

Perforator with septum intact

Perforator-plus-adipofascial

Perforator with septum dissection (perforator skeletonized)

Flap constituent

Fasciocutaneous flap

Neurofasciocutaneous, neurovenofasciocutaneous flap

Adipofascial flap

Fasciomyocutaneous flap (including a fragment of gastrocnemius muscle)