Collecting shoulder kinematics with electromagnetic tracking systems and digital inclinometers: A review

Table 1 Electromagnetic tracking system reliability of scapular measures during isolated planar motion of the humerus

Ref.	Motion studied			Reliability coefficient			Measurement error
Thigpen et al[15]	Dynamic			CMC			RMS
		Ascending			Inter-trial	0.88-0.97		1.35°–1.74°
			Sagittal		Within-day,	0.74-0.94		3.43°–5.18°
			Scapular		Inter-session
			Frontal		Inter-day	0.68-0.94		4.27°–6.65°
Ludewig and Cook[33]	Dynamic			ICC			SEM
		Ascending			Inter-trial	0.93-0.98		< 3.3°
			Scapular
Scibek and Carcia[14]	Quasi-static			ICC
		Ascending			Inter-trial	0.95-0.99
			Sagittal		Inter-day	0.36-0.98
			Scapular
			Frontal
Roren et al[18]	Dynamic			ICC			SEM		SRD
		Ascending			Inter-trial	0.83-0.98
			Sagittal		Inter-day,	0.76-0.95		0.56°-1.61°		1.54°–4.47°
			Frontal		Intra-observer
					Inter-day,	0.49-0.92		0.89°–3.57°		2.46°–9.89°
					Inter-observer
Haik et al[19]	Dynamic			ICC			SEM		MDC
		Ascending and descending			Inter-trial	0.92-0.99		0.86°-3.17°
			Sagittal		Inter-day	0.54-0.88		2.77°-7.44°		6.43°-17.27°

CMC: Coefficient of multiple correlation; ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; RMS: Root mean square; SEM: Standard errors of measurement; SRD: Small real difference; MDC: Minimal detectable change.

Table 2 Digital inclinometer reliability of humeral range of motion measurements

Ref.	Motion	Reliability	ICC	SEM	MDC
Kolber et al[74]	Flexion	Intra-day, inter-observer	0.58	3.24°	8°
		Inter-day, intra-observer	0.83	1.64°
	Abduction	Intra-day, inter-observer	0.95	1.63°	4°
		Inter-day, intra-observer	0.91	2.26°
	Internal rotation	Intra-day, inter-observer	0.93	3.39°	8°
		Inter-day, intra-observer	0.87	4.27°
	External rotation	Intra-day, inter-observer	0.88	3.98°	9°
		Inter-day, intra-observer	0.94	2.63°
Kolber et al[44]	Scaption	Intra-day, inter-observer	0.89	3.4°	9°
		Inter-day, intra-observer	0.88	3.4°	9°
Laudner et al[43]	Horizontal adduction	Intra-observer	0.93	1.64
		Inter-observer	0.91	1.71
de Winter[65]	Abduction	Inter-observer	0.28–0.83
	External rotation	Inter-observer	0.56–0.90

ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; RMS: Root mean square; SEM: Standard errors of measurement; MDC: Minimal detectable change.