Identification and preoperative optimization of risk factors to prevent periprosthetic joint infection

Table 1 Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection

Risk factors	Grade of recommendation by CDC[20]
Demographic characteristics
Gender	-
Socioeconomic states	-
Preexistent comorbidities
Cardiac disorder	-
Preoperative anemia	-
Obesity	-
Diabetes	Category IB
Smoking	Category IB
Malnutrition1	No recommendation. Unresolved issue
Rheumatologic disease and Cessation of Steroid use2	No recommendation. Unresolved issue
Coagulopathy	-
Malignancy	-
Depression and Psychosis	-
Treat remote or coexistent infection prior to operation	Category IA

¹Enhance nutritional support for surgical patients solely as a means to prevent infection;

²Taper or discontinue systemic steroid use (when medically permissible) before elective operation. CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Category IA: Strongly recommended for implementation and supported by well-designed experimental, clinical, or epidemiological studies; Category IB: Strongly recommended for implementation and supported by some experimental, clinical, or epidemiological studies and strong theoretical rationale; Category II: Suggested for implementation and supported by suggestive clinical or epidemiological studies or theoretical rationale. No recommendation. Unresolved issue. Practices which insufficient evidence or no consensus regarding efficacy exists.