Linguistic exclusion in orthopedic research: Cultural adaptation, multilingual innovations, and pathways to global health equity

Table 1 Proposed directions for future research on linguistic equity in orthopedic studies

Research focus	Research methods	Challenge
Cultural adaptability optimization	Multicenter cross-dialect validation study; Long-term follow-up (≥ 12 months)	Challenges in cross-regional coordination; Resource allocation for longitudinal follow-up
Semantic reconstruction technology	Design of a three-axis dialect matrix for comprehensive linguistic analysis; Advanced optimization in neural machine translation systems	Insufficient dialect corpora resources; High costs of AI training for medical translation
Dynamic bilingual publishing	Blockchain-supported real-time translation verification; bilingual metadata indexing	Translation quality assurance; Fragmentation of the reader group
Technical support for low-resource languages	AI-driven dialect speech recognition; Decentralized terminology database development	Low-resource language training data scarcity; Technical commercialization challenges
Innovative patient engagement mechanisms	Localized educational video development	Cultural sensitivity management; Production cost control
Data sovereignty-sharing equilibrium	Smart contract-governed data access	Techno-ethical governance frameworks; Transjurisdictional legal harmonization