Pre-injection local anesthesia does not affect experienced pain in intra-articular hip injections

Table 1 Anticipated vs experienced pain

Parameter	n	Anticipated pain, mean ± SD	Experienced pain, mean ± SD	Net difference (Δ)
Study population	60	6.43 ± 2.48a	3.68 ± 2.37	2.75
Use of local anesthesia
Study (local anesthesia)	30	6.19 ± 2.48a	3.19 ± 2.38	3.00
Control (no local anesthesia)	30	6.68 ± 2.51a	4.20 ± 2.29	2.48

^aP < 0.001 vs experienced pain in the same row is significantly different.

Table 2 Factors influencing fear of injection

Parameter	n	Factors influencing anxiety
		Fear of pain	Appearance of the needle and syringe	Needle size	Seeing others receiving injection	Negative previous experience	BAI
Study population	60	2.84	2.54	2.51	1.23	1.23	4.26
Use of local anesthesia
Study (local anesthesia)	30	2.68	2.2	2.23	1.25	1.06	4.33
Control (no local anesthesia)	30	3	2.88	2.77	1.23	1.42	4.15

BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Table 3 Anticipated and experienced pain scores, net differences, Beck Anxiety Inventory scores, and other factors influencing needle-related pain (e.g., fear of pain, needle size) stratified by sex

Anticipated pain vs experienced pain					Factors influencing anxiety
Sex	n	Anticipated pain, mean ± SD	Experienced pain, mean ± SD	Net difference (Δ)	Fear of pain	Appearance of the needle and syringe	Needle size	Seeing others receiving injection	Negative previous experience	BAI
Males	29	6.0 ± 2.87a	3.26 ± 2.09	2.74	2.78	2.54	2.4	0.92	1.36	3.44
Females	31	6.88 ± 1.96a	4.12 ± 2.60	2.76	2.9	2.58	2.59	1.5	1.05	5.15

^aP < 0.001 vs experienced pain in the same row is significantly different.

BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.