Outcomes following minimally invasive dorsal cheilectomy for hallux rigidus: A systematic review

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Clinical studies reporting outcomes after minimally invasion cheilectomy (arthroscopic or mini-open) for hallux rigidus	Review articles
Follow up ≥ 12 months	Case reports
Published in a peer-reviewed journal	Cadaveric studies
Article written in English	Fewer than 5 patients per cohort

Table 2 Summary of study characteristics and outcomes

Ref.	LOE	Patients (n)	Feet (n)	Mean follow-up (months)	Mean age (yr)	Sex (M/F)	Coughlin and Shurna's grade
Glenn et al[4], 2021	4	20	20	16.5	52	M = 6; F = 14
Hickey et al[5], 2020	4	36	36	56.4	50	M = 10; F = 26	I = 5; II = 27; III = 1
Levaj et al[6], 2021	4	29	29	31.2	41.8	M = 19; F = 10	I = 11; II = 12; III = 6
Pastides et al[7], 2014	4	41	54	17	43	M = 6; F = 35	I = 9; II = 19; III = 26
Stevens et al[8], 2020	3	133	133	36	54
Teoh et al[9], 2019	4	89	98	50	54	M = 25; F = 64	I = 33; II = 54; III = 11

M/F: Male/female; LOE: Level of evidence.

Table 3 Summary of clinical and functional outcomes, complications, failures and secondary surgical procedures

Ref.	Patients (n)	Feet (n)	PROM	Score		1st MTPJ ROM (°)		Complications	Failures	Secondary surgical procedures
				Preop	Postop	Preop	Postop
Glenn et al[4], 2021	20	20	VAS	7.1	0.8	47	67	0	0	0
Hickey et al[5], 2020	36	36	AOFAS	66.6	n/r	31.9	72.7	EHL rupture = 1, neuropathic pain = 3, joint stiffness = 1	0	Repeat arthroscopic cheilectomy = 1, manipulation under anaesthetic = 3
Levaj et al[6], 2021	29	29	n/r			0	0	Joint stiffness = 1	1	Open revision = 1
Pastides et al[7], 2014	41	54	AOFAS	71.1	87.1	39	48	Neuropathic pain = 2	2	MTPJ fusion = 2
Stevens et al[8], 2020	133	133	n/r			0	0	EHL rupture = 1, neuropathic pain = 3, superficial wound problems = 2, joint stiffness/pain = 7, ectopic bone in wound = 2	17	MTPJ arthrodesis = 9, open cheilectomy = 3, MIS cheilectomy-2, interposition arthroplasty = 1, hallux valgus correction = 2
Teoh et al[9], 2019	89	98	VAS	8	3	11.3	69.1	Neuropathic pain = 4, superficial wound problems = 2, wound infection = 2	12	Repeat cheilectomy = 4, open removal of loose bone = 1, 1st MTPJ arthrodesis = 7

VAS: Visual analog scale; AOFAS: American orthopedic foot and ankle society; Preop: Preoperative; Postop: Postoperative; EHL: Extensor hallucis longus; MTPJ: Metatarsophalangeal joint; PROM: Patient reported outcome measurement; ROM: Range of motion; n/r: Not report; MIS: Minimally invasive surgery.