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©2010 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Orthop. Nov 18, 2010; 1(1): 10-19
Published online Nov 18, 2010. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v1.i1.10
Published online Nov 18, 2010. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v1.i1.10
Natural disasters | Man-made disasters |
Causes of large scale physical destruction to manmade objects and infrastructure | Hazardous material incidents and Industrial accidents |
Earthquakes | Radiation exposure |
Volcanoes | Chemical exposure |
Mudslides | Inhalation injury |
Avalanches | Explosive disasters |
Floods | |
Tsunami | Transportation accidents |
Tropical storms, hurricanes, tornadoes | Aircraft |
Marine | |
Climatic | Railroad |
Extreme heat, cold | Highway |
Famine | |
War related | |
Fire related | Military casualties |
Thermal injury | Civilian casualties |
Inhalation injury | Innocent bystanders |
Infrastructure, agriculture, and domiciliary damage | Military targets |
Terrorism | |
Mass casualty | |
Epidemics | Bioterrorism |
Genocide | |
Major societal dislocations and refugee populations | |
Malnutrition, epidemics |
Priority | Need for treatment | Color code | Characteristics |
1 | Immediate | Red | Life-threatening shock or hypoxia is present or imminent, but the patient can be likely stabilized and will probably survive if given immediate care |
2 | Urgent | Yellow | Injuries have systemic effects or implications, but the patient is not yet in life-threatening shock or hypoxia. Despite the chance that systemic decline may ensue, this group can likely withstand a 45- to 60-min wait without immediate risk. Patient likely to survive if given appropriate care |
3 | Non-urgent | Green | Localized injuries without immediate systemic implications. With minimal care, these patients are unlikely to deteriorate for several h (or not at all) |
4 | Expectant | Black | Most severely injured patients who have poor chance for survival regardless of care rendered. No distinction is made between clinical and biological death. In multiple casualty incidents, any patient who is unresponsive or who has no spontaneous ventilation or circulation is classified as dead |
Description | Identification of immediately and potentially life-threatening injuries (FAST + pneumothorax) | Intravascular status evaluation (IVCCI) | Hemothorax assessment | Extremity assessment (lower → upper extremity sonography) |
Skill level | Easy | Intermediate | Difficult | |
Urgency | Primary triage & assessment (Mandatory) | Secondary triage & assessment (Optional) |
- Citation: Stawicki SP, Howard JM, Pryor JP, Bahner DP, Whitmill ML, Dean AJ. Portable ultrasonography in mass casualty incidents: The CAVEAT examination. World J Orthop 2010; 1(1): 10-19
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v1/i1/10.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v1.i1.10