Case Report Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Orthop. Apr 18, 2021; 12(4): 246-253
Published online Apr 18, 2021. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i4.246
Salmonella infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A case report
Thomas Neri, Margaux Dehon, Remi Philippot, Frederic Farizon, Bertrand Boyer, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
Thomas Neri, EA 7424-Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Lyon-University Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne 42000, France
Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Celine Cazorla, Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42000, France
Sven Putnis, Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
ORCID number: Thomas Neri (0000-0001-8793-1956); Margaux Dehon (0000-0001-8027-8288); Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers (0000-0003-2773-7750); Celine Cazorla (0000-0003-1080-657X); Sven Putnis (0000-0002-3807-4318); Remi Philippot (0000-0002-2429-4838); Frederic Farizon (0000-0002-4193-354X); Bertrand Boyer (0000-0001-6427-9491).
Author contributions: Neri T, Dehon M, Putnis S, Philippot R, Farizon F and Boyer B reviewed the literature and contributed to manuscript drafting; Boyer B was the patient’s surgeon, reviewed the literature and contributed to manuscript drafting; Botelho-Nevers E and Cazorla C performed the infectious diseases consultation, reviewed the literature and drafted the manuscript; all authors issued final approval for the version to be submitted.
Informed consent statement: Informed written consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this report and any accompanying images.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
CARE Checklist (2016) statement: The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016)
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Thomas Neri, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Senior Researcher, Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, Avenue Albert Raimond, Saint-Etienne 42000, France. thomas.neri@chu-st-etienne.fr
Received: December 31, 2020
Peer-review started: December 31, 2020
First decision: February 15, 2021
Revised: February 25, 2021
Accepted: March 28, 2021
Article in press: March 28, 2021
Published online: April 18, 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND

Infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are rare. No cases of Salmonella infection have been described to our knowledge.

CASE SUMMARY

We describe a rare case of Salmonella infection in a 23-year-old patient following an ACLR. The patient presented with subacute septic arthritis, 26 d after a hamstring autograft ACLR. The pathogen, Salmonella enterica typhimurium was isolated by bacteriological sampling of the first arthroscopic lavage. Two arthroscopic lavages were required, with intravenous antibiotic therapy for two weeks with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, followed by oral antibiotics with amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin for a total duration of three months. This approach treated the infection but two years after the septic arthritis, faced with ongoing knee instability due to graft damage, a revision ACLR with a bone-tendon-bone graft was performed. At the last follow-up, full range of knee motion had been achieved and sports activities resumed.

CONCLUSION

Infection after ACLR is rare and requires an early diagnosis and management in order to treat the infection and prevent arthritis-related joint cartilage destruction and damage to the graft.

Key Words: Knee, Anterior cruciate ligament, Infection, Salmonella, Case report

Core Tip: Infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is uncommon, with staphylococci found in more than 90% of cases. We present herein, an exceptional case of Salmonella infection after ACLR. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management: arthroscopic washing for acute infections or arthrotomy for late infections and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The purpose of the surgical treatment is to prevent arthritis-related joint cartilage destruction and to protect the graft.



INTRODUCTION

Septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is a rare but severe complication, with an incidence between 0.3% and 1.7%[1-3]. The main responsible pathogens are Staphylococci (coagulase-negative and S. aureus) and Streptococci[2,4-6].

Salmonella spp are Gram-negative bacilli, belonging to the enterobacteriaceae family and responsible for digestive infections. Contamination is mainly caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked food (meat, eggs, and dairy products), or food contaminated by the excreta of carrier animals (more rarely by direct animal contact). After a short incubation period, these pathogens are responsible for an inflammatory intestinal syndrome with mucoid bloody diarrhea. Extra-intestinal complications, including osteo-articular complications, are rare (< 1%) and associated with haematogenous spread[7]. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella spp and osteo-articular complications occur in less than 1% of cases, arising in one of three possible ways: haematogenous spread, contiguous source, or as a result of vascular insufficiency[8]. The risk factors include sickle cell anaemia, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoma, liver diseases, previous surgery or trauma, those at extremes of age, and steroid use[9].

We report herein a rare case of Salmonella enterica typhimurium following ACLR. To our knowledge, this is the first case of septic knee arthritis after ACLR due to Salmonella spp.

CASE PRESENTATION
Chief complaints

Twenty-six days after an ACLR, a 23-year-old man showed a deterioration in his general state (asthenia, fever and chills) and local signs of an early knee septic arthritis: pain, heat, redness, and edema.

History of present illness

The patient reported an episode of abdominal pain associated with mucoid bloody diarrhea 10 d before the onset of the arthritis symptoms, which quickly resolved within 48 h. Further questioning on risk factors for Salmonella spp revealed the patient had eaten an egg-based picnic 24 h before these symptoms appeared.

History of past illness

This patient was suffering from chronic instability in his right knee, following a soccer injury. An isolated ACL injury was reported on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Three months after the injury, an ACLR was performed, using a hamstring autograft (semi-tendinosus and gracilis). The procedure was performed under general anesthesia with a tourniquet at the proximal thigh for duration of 40 min. An outside-in drilling technique was used for the femoral tunnel. Femoral and tibial fixation was with interference screws.

The patient followed a standardized post-operative rehabilitation protocol aimed at controlled restoration of range of motion, muscle strength and proprioception. He was discharged the same day full weight bearing assisted with crutches. At 15 d after surgery, a routine consultation was performed to verify the absence of pain, hematoma, wound inflammation and/or serous or purulent discharge.

Personal and family history

The patient had a free previous medical history.

Physical examination

A collection in the external femoral approach site was confirmed.

Laboratory examinations

A biological inflammatory syndrome was found with an initially raised C-reactive protein (CRP) of 51 mg/L increasing to 130 mg/L over the first 24 h (Figure 1), alongside a white blood cell count increase from 11000/mm3 to 13300/mm3 during the same period.

Figure 1
Figure 1 C reactive protein evolution and therapeutic management. CRP: C-reactive protein; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; IV: Intra venous.

The joint fluid aspiration performed in the emergency room showed neutrophils at direct examination and was followed by administration of intravenous antibiotic therapy – oxacillin 2 g every 8 h and gentamycin – 270 mg/d.

Imaging examinations

A knee ultrasound examination reported an intra-articular effusion. X-rays showed no fracture.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Salmonella enterica typhimurium arthritis following an ACLR.

TREATMENT

An urgent arthroscopic joint lavage was performed the same day. The joint fluid was serous, not purulent. with few false membranes but without a clear inflammation of the synovial tissue. A surgical approach centered on the scar for the femoral tunnel, was also performed and revealed a separate collection apparently extra-articular. Multiple samples were taken for bacteriological analysis. Intravenous antibiotic therapy with oxacillin at a dose of 2 g every 8 h and gentamycin at a dose of 270 mg per day was continued pending bacteriological results.

The stool and blood cultures returned negative. Samples of joint fluid aspiration and arthroscopic lavage both grew Salmonella typhimurium on aerobic cultures.

This result was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA 16S. Antibiotic therapy was modified to cefotaxime at a dose of 3 g every 6 h and ciprofloxacin at a dose of 400 mg every 8 h.

The clinical and biological evolution was not favorable, on the 6th post-operative day, a knee effusion and a collection in the external femoral approach was seen, as well as a biological inflammatory syndrome, with a CRP increase up to 450 mg/L (Figure 1). Therefore, a second arthroscopic lavage was performed. The external femoral approach was again opened and now revealed a purulent collection, communicating with the joint. Arthroscopy showed purulent joint effusion with false membranes and an inflammatory synovial tissue (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Figure 2 Second arthroscopy, showing false membranes and synovitis.

Multiple bacteriological samples were taken, followed by lavage. The samples returned sterile and 16S DNA PCR was negative.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Over the subsequent days, a decrease in local inflammation as well as a decrease in biological inflammatory syndrome was seen, with a normalized CRP (< 5 mg/L) at 1 mo (Figure 1).

A total of 3 wk of hospitalisation was required, with oral antibiotic therapy started after 15 d of intravenous treatment with amoxicillin at a dose of 1 g, 3 times daily and ciprofloxacin at a dose of 500 mg, twice daily for a total of 3 mo of antibiotic therapy.

Two years after the septic episode, the infection was considered cured but a persistent knee instability (with positive Lachmann-Trillat and jerk-tests) persisted. Furthermore, MRI showed a partial rupture of the graft. In order to meet the patient's desire to resume a pivotal sports activity, a revision ACLR was scheduled, using a bone-tendon-bone graft reconstruction combined with a Lemaire procedure. Intra-operatively, a distended and non-functional ACL graft was found. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin at a dose of 150 mg/kg/d in 4 injections was initiated pending the microbiology results of tissue samples. Antibiotic therapy was stopped on day 5, due to the sterility of the bacteriological samples.

Final follow-up at three years after the surgical revision revealed a full range of stable knee motion, with function similar to the contralateral knee, allowing pivoting sports activities (soccer).

DISCUSSION

We report an uncommon case of Salmonella enterica typhimurium arthritis in a young patient, following an ACLR.

Infections after ACLR are rare, and no cases of Salmonella infection have been described to our knowledge. The main responsible pathogens are Staphylococci (coagulase-negative and S. aureus) and Streptococci[2,4-6]. This case occurred early after ACLR, however given the history, haematogenous spread from the primary bowel infection is presumed.

Salmonella non typhi have been rarely reported as agents of arthritis. Salmonella is a Gram-negative Bacillus Enterobacteriaceae responsible mainly for digestive infections. The prevalence of joint infections with Salmonella is only 1%[7]. It mainly affects the native hip in children[10]. Some cases of Salmonella arthritis after total hip or knee arthroplasty have been described in the literature (Table 1).

Table 1 Literature review on Salmonella infection after total hip or knee arthroplasty.
Ref.
Prosthetic joint
Prosthesis age at time of infection
Symptoms
Microbiology
Surgical treatment
Antibiotic therapy
Failed treatment
Chong and Sporer[20], 2005THA8 moPurulent flowSalmonella choleraesuisTwo-stage revision IV vancomycin oral ciprofloxacin 6 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014TKA 3 yrDeep joint pain, discomfort for 4 moSalmonella enterica serovar EnteritidisRemoval, debridement and arthrodesis after aspiration failed and oral TMP-SMX 12 wkOral TMP-SMX 8 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014THA7 yrPain Salmonella enterica serovar EnteritidisRemoval, debridement and arthrodesis after debridement failed and oral amoxicillin 10 moIV ampicillin 4 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014THA5 moFever, pain, joint swellingSalmonella enterica serovar CholeraesuisTwo-stage revision after aspiration failed and oral ampicillin 8 wkOral ampicillin4 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014THA4 yrFever, pain, swellingSalmonella enterica serovar EnteritidisTwo-stage revision Oral ciprofloxacin8 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014THA5 moFever, pain Salmonella enterica serovar EnteritidisTwo-stage revision IV ceftriaxone 6 wkNo
Gupta et al[21], 2014THA 9 yr Pain Salmonella bongoriTwo-stage revision after aspiration failed and oral ciprofloxacin 8 wkIV ceftriaxone 6 wkNo
Toth et al[10], 2010THA2 yrPain Salmonella enteridisTwo-stage revisionOral ciprofloxacin 6 wkNo
Toth et al[10], 2010THA7 yrARDS caused by sepsis and increased uptake aroud the THA (autolog leukocyte scintigraphy)Salmonella cholerae-suisTwo-stage revision Oral ciprofloxacin 6 wkNo
Sebastian et al[22], 2017TKA4 yrPain, swelling, scare discharge, limitation of range of motionSalmonella typhimuriumTwo-stage revision Oral ciprofloxacin 6 wkNo
Carlile et al[23], 2010TKA5 yrPain, swelling, fluctuant swelling, night sweats and shiveringSalmonella enterica choleraesuisTwo-stage revision IV cefotaxim 7 d. Oral ciprofloxacin 3 wkNo
Jeroense et al[24], 2014THA5 dFeverGroup E Salmonella One-stage revision after lavage failed and ciprofloxacin 4 wk Oral ciprofloxacine 5 moNo
Jeroense et al[24], 2014THA13 yearsPain, abscess at the ultrasound Salmonella enteritidisOne-stage revision Oral ciprofloxacine 3 moNo

Risk factors for bacterial blood-borne knee infections (old age, diabetes, polyarthritis and other immunodeficiency diseases as well as intravenous drug abuse) were not found in this patient, nor were other described risk factors such as concomitant meniscus resection or a history of surgery on the same knee[11].

For ACLR, hamstrings autograft has been reported to be a risk factor for surgical site infection compared to bone-tendon-bone graft reconstruction[5].

Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency. The gold standard of treatment is joint debridement and antibiotic therapy according to the culture results. Smith et al reported that enzymatic destruction begins by the eighth hour after the inoculation. By the 48th hour, 40% of the glycosaminoglycan is lost, and collagen breakdown occurs in a period of few days in septic arthritis[12]. Several studies have shown that the duration between the beginning of symptoms and surgical intervention is the most important prognostic factor for septic arthritis[13,14]. Early diagnosis and management are essential to minimize the risk of graft failure and osteo-articular lesions, which cause stiffness and chronic pain. It is recommended to hospitalise the patient and give the appropriate treatment within 24 h[1,15-17]. The reference treatment is as follows (Figure 3): first surgical treatment by knee debridement and lavage with attempts to protect the graft in most cases and then medical treatment by intravenous antibiotic therapy with penicillin (cloxacillin), initially targets the most frequently encountered pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, enterobacteria and streptococci).

Figure 3
Figure 3 Therapeutic management schema. AT: Antibiotic treatment.

Blind joint fluid aspiration is not described in the optimal management of infection after ACLR and antibiotic therapy initiated before the first arthroscopic lavage in our patient could have negated the results of bacteriological samples, resulting in a delay in optimal management and therefore decreasing the chances of saving the graft[16]. For acute (less than 2 wk postoperatively) and subacute (between 2 and 8 wk) infections, arthroscopic debridement and lavage can be proposed, while for chronic infections (after 8 wk postoperatively) an open lavage via an arthrotomy has been recommended. Additional lavage may be necessary if the initial treatment fails. The modalities of management, in this case, are ambiguous: some would perform a second lavage arthroscopically and others would prefer an arthrotomy[16,18].

The presence of an abscess in the surgical wound, backed by a CRP increase despite the surgical and antibiotic treatment, justified a second lavage in order to reduce the bacterial inoculum. In this patient case, the subacute infection justified the use of an arthroscopic approach instead of an arthrotomy. An open arthrotomy could also have been performed if arthroscopic treatment had failed. In this case, iterative arthroscopic management has been successful to control the infection. Antibiotic therapy is adapted after analysis of antibiotic sensitivity, and continued until the clinical-biological evolution is satisfactory, an antibiotic treatment of at least 6 wk is recommended[19].

The initial antibiotic therapy used in this patient was appropriate because it is effective for the most frequent pathogens (i.e., staphylococci). It was adapted after antibiotic sensitivities. Salmonella is sensitive to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, which were administered to our patient once the bacteriological results were obtained[7,11].

Graft failures are rare in early management of infection[16]. For this patient, the causes may have been as follows: The 24 h delay in treatment due to the aspiration, the absence of graft debridement, the pathogen (since no cases of Salmonella septic arthritis after ACLR are described), but likely primarily due to the two successive surgical procedures that could have compromised the integration of the graft.

CONCLUSION

Infection after ACLR is uncommon, with staphylococci found in more than 90% of cases. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management: arthroscopic lavage for acute infections or arthrotomy for late infections and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Like any septic joint, early aggressive surgical treatment is required, also aiming to reduce the risk of arthritis-related joint cartilage destruction and damage to the graft.

Footnotes

Manuscript source: Invited manuscript

Specialty type: Orthopedics

Country/Territory of origin: France

Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): 0

Grade C (Good): C

Grade D (Fair): 0

Grade E (Poor): 0

P-Reviewer: Huang HX S-Editor: Zhang H L-Editor: A P-Editor: Xing YX

References
1.  Wee J, Lee KT. Graft infection following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a report of four cases. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2014;22:111-117.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 5]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6]  [Article Influence: 0.6]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
2.  Kim SJ, Postigo R, Koo S, Kim JH. Infection after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedics. 2014;37:477-484.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 27]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 28]  [Article Influence: 2.8]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
3.  Sajovic M, Nič Ar GL, Dernovš Ek MZ. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2009;1:e3.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 11]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 12]  [Article Influence: 0.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
4.  Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Lee JC, Min SG, Kyung HS. Evaluation of Infection after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction during a Short Period. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2017;29:45-51.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 7]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6]  [Article Influence: 0.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
5.  Wang C, Ao Y, Wang J, Hu Y, Cui G, Yu J. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective analysis of incidence, presentation, treatment, and cause. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:243-249.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 105]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 103]  [Article Influence: 6.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
6.  Scully WF, Fisher SG, Parada SA, Arrington ED. Septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2013;22:127-133.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 17]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13]  [Article Influence: 1.2]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
7.  Huang DB, DuPont HL. Problem pathogens: extra-intestinal complications of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:341-348.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 119]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 83]  [Article Influence: 4.4]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
8.  Declercq J, Verhaegen J, Verbist L, Lammens J, Stuyck J, Fabry G. Salmonella typhi osteomyelitis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1994;113:232-234.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 12]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 14]  [Article Influence: 0.5]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
9.  Arora A, Singh S, Aggarwal A, Aggarwal PK. Salmonella osteomyelitis in an otherwise healthy adult male-successful management with conservative treatment: a case report. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2003;11:217-220.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 24]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 27]  [Article Influence: 1.3]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
10.  Tóth K, Janositz G, Kovács G, Sisák K, Rudner E. Successful treatment of late Salmonella infections in total hip replacement - report of two cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:160.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 6]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6]  [Article Influence: 0.4]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
11.  Uygur E, Reddy K, Ozkan FÜ, Söylemez S, Aydin O, Senol S. Salmonella enteridis Septic Arthritis: A Report of Two Cases. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2013;2013:642805.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 5]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6]  [Article Influence: 0.5]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
12.  Kartus J, Ejerhed L, Sernert N, Brandsson S, Karlsson J. Comparison of traditional and subcutaneous patellar tendon harvest. A prospective study of donor site-related problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using different graft harvesting techniques. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:328-335.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 87]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 90]  [Article Influence: 3.8]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
13.  Wirtz DC, Marth M, Miltner O, Schneider U, Zilkens KW. Septic arthritis of the knee in adults: treatment by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. Int Orthop. 2001;25:239-241.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 87]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 89]  [Article Influence: 3.9]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
14.  Perry CR. Septic arthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1999;28:168-178.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
15.  Fong SY, Tan JL. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004;33:228-234.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
16.  Wang C, Lee YH, Siebold R. Recommendations for the management of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22:2136-2144.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 66]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 67]  [Article Influence: 6.7]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
17.  Abdel-Aziz A, Radwan YA, Rizk A. Multiple arthroscopic debridement and graft retention in septic knee arthritis after ACL reconstruction: a prospective case-control study. Int Orthop. 2014;38:73-82.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 27]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 29]  [Article Influence: 2.6]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
18.  Williams RJ 3rd, Laurencin CT, Warren RF, Speciale AC, Brause BD, O'Brien S. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnosis and management. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:261-267.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 163]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 168]  [Article Influence: 6.2]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
19.  Indelli PF, Dillingham M, Fanton G, Schurman DJ. Septic arthritis in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;182-188.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 151]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 157]  [Article Influence: 7.1]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
20.  Chong PY, Sporer SM. Case report: Salmonella infection following total hip arthroplasty. Iowa Orthop J. 2005;25:42-43.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
21.  Gupta A, Berbari EF, Osmon DR, Virk A. Prosthetic joint infection due to Salmonella species: a case series. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:633.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 15]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16]  [Article Influence: 1.6]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
22.  Sebastian S, Dhawan B, Malhotra R, Gautam D, Kapil A. Salmonella typhimurium infection in total knee arthroplasty: A case report with review of literature. J Lab Physicians. 2017;9:217-219.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 3]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3]  [Article Influence: 0.8]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
23.  Carlile GS, Elvy J, Toms AD. Salmonella infection of a total knee replacement. Knee. 2010;17:356-358.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in Crossref: 9]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9]  [Article Influence: 0.6]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]
24.  Jeroense KT, Kuiper JW, Colen S, Schade RP, Saouti R. One-stage revision in two cases of Salmonella prosthetic hip infection. World J Clin Cases. 2014;2:304-308.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]  [Cited by in CrossRef: 2]  [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3]  [Article Influence: 0.3]  [Reference Citation Analysis (0)]