Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis

Figure 1 Flow chart representing the search and selection of articles for review.

Figure 2 The way in which mesenchymal stem cells contribute to cartilage repair still remains unknown. Paracrine signalling and chondrogenic differentiation most likely play a crucial role.

Figure 3 There are 3 major methods in which mesenchymal stem cells can be applied: Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cell suspension, implantation of cell-mixed composite scaffold, and microfracture through articular cartilage and subchondral bone.