Evaluation of artificial intelligence models for osteoarthritis of the knee using deep learning algorithms for orthopedic radiographs

Figure 1 Architecture for deep learning algorithms for orthopedic radiographs.

Figure 2 X-ray images of different Kellgren-Lawrence grades for knee osteoarthritis.

Figure 3 Traditional machine learning vs transfer learning.

Figure 4 Multimodal pipeline, predicting the risk of osteoarthritis for a particular knee. We first used a deep convolutional neural network, trained different models in a multitask setting to predict the current stage of osteoarthritis defined according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade scale.

Figure 5 Depicting the loss and accuracy vs number of epochs for different models. Red line: Loss; Blue line: Accuracy; Y-axis: Depicting the loss and accuracy; X-axis: Number of epochs. A: DenseNet201; B: EffecinetNetB7; C: InceptionV3; D: MobileNetV2; E: NasNetMobile; F: ResNet 50; G: VGG-16; H: Xception.