Virtual orthopedic assessment: Main principles and specific regions

Figure 1 Modified empty can test.

Figure 2 Assessing the active pronation and supination range of the elbow.

Figure 3 Phalen test.

Figure 4 Geleazzi test to assess limb length discrepancy. A: Top view; B: Side view.

Figure 5 Thessaly test. Patient stands on one leg at a time, then rotates slowly from side to side. The maneuver should be performed three times, and the test is considered positive if the patient experiences pain, locking, or catching.

Figure 6 Block test for assessment of hindfoot flexibility in cavovarus foot deformity.

Figure 7 Special tests. A: Lhermitte test; B: Slump test.