Does low volume high-intensity interval training elicit superior benefits to continuous low to moderate-intensity training in cancer survivors?

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Characteristics	LVHIIT n = 24	CLMIT n = 21	Control n = 12
Sociodemographic
Age, mean (SD), yr	48 (11.9)	52 (12.4)	57 (11.5)
Sex, n (%) male	F, 25 (0)	F, 21 (0)	F, 12 (0)
Comorbidity, n (%) yes	2 (0.8)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)
Diagnosis, n (%)
Breast	21 (88)	16 (75)	10 (83)
Ovarian		1 (5)	1 (8.5)
Appendix		1 (5)
Anal			1 (8.5)
Cervical	1 (4)
Liver	1 (4)
Esophageal	1 (4)
Melanoma		1 (5)
Leiomyosarcoma		1 (5)
Unknown primary		1 (5)
Stage of disease, n (%)
Stage I-II	19 (79)	16 (76)	10 (83)
Stage II-IV	5 (21)	5 (24)	2 (17)
Type of treatment, n (%)
Surgery	21 (88)	20 (95)	12 (100)
Radiation therapy	18 (75)	13 (62)	10 (83)
Hormone therapy	19 (79)	15 (71)	9 (75)
Types of chemotherapy, n (%)
TAC	7 (29)	4 (19)	1 (8)
FEC	5 (21)	3 (14)	3 (25)
TAC/FEC combinations	2 (8)	3 (14)	2 (17)
Capecitabine and oxaliplatin		1 (5)
Carboplatin and paclitaxel	1 (4)		1 (8)
Cisplatin	1 (4)
CHOP	1 (4)
ABVD	1 (4)	1 (5)	1 (8)
Other	2 (8)	3 (14)
No chemotherapy	4 (17)	6 (29)	4 (33)

LVHIIT: Low volume high-intensity training; CLMIT: Continuous low to moderate-intensity training; TAC: Taxotere, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide; FEC: Fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide; CHOP: Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; ABVD: Doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine.

Table 2 Changes in risk factors from pre-to post intervention (Mean ± SD)

	LVHIIT group n = 24			CLMIT group n = 21			Control group
Variable	Pre	Post	ES (95%CI)	Pre	Post	ES (95%CI)	Pre	Post	ES (95%CI)
Weight (kg)	72.9 ± 11.7	72.8 ± 11.4	-0.01 (-0.57, 0.56)	69.4 ± 14.3	70.4 ± 14.9	0.06 (-0.54, 0.67)	65.5 ± 13.1	65.9 ± 13.9	0.03 (-0.77, 0.83)
Body fat (%)	42.2 ± 7.9	41.4 ± 7.8	-0.1 (-0.67, 0.46)	43.0 ± 6.7	44.4 ± 9.5	0.17 (-0.44, 0.78)	37.7 ± 9.2	37.0 ± 10.5	-0.07 (-0.87, 0.73)
Fat mass (kg)	30.6 ± 9.1	29.2 ± 8.7	-0.16 (-0.72, 0.41)	30.5 ± 12.4	31.0 ± 12.1	0.05 (-5.6, 0.65)	24.3 ± 9.0	24.4 ± 9.5	0.01 (-0.79, 0.81)
Lean mass (kg)	40.7 ± 6.4	41.0 ± 7.2	0.05 (-0.52, 0.61)	38.8 ± 6.2	39.3 ± 6.8	0.07 (-0.53, 0.68)	38.8 ± 6.7	39.2 ± 6.9	0.06 (-0.74, 0.86)
Waist (cm)12	91.1 ± 11.7	85.7 ± 10.51	-0.48 (-1.10, 0.10)	93.1 ± 13.1	92.4 ± 13.3	-0.05 (-0.66, 0.55)	89.1 ± 9.5	90.3 ± 11.6	0.11 (-0.69, 0.91)
Hip (cm)1	108.3 ± 10.3	104.8 ± 10.51	-0.37 (-0.91, 0.23)	107.9 ± 11.3	107.0 ± 14.8	-0.07 (-0.67, 0.54)	104.1 ± 9.4	104.3 ± 8.9	-0.02 (-0.82, 0.78)
Resting HR (bpm)	76.3 ± 12.0	73.3 ± 12.4	-0.24 (-0.81, 0.32)	73.9 ± 11.9	72.3 ± 9.8	-0.14 (-0.75, 0.46)	74.5 ± 11.9	73.7 ± 12.6	-0.07 (-0.87, 0.74)
SBP (mmHg)	127.3 ± 18.3	121.8 ± 9.7	-0.39 (-0.95, 0.20)	130.9 ± 15.5	130.4 ± 14.7	-0.58 (-0.64, 0.57)	123.9 ± 15.4	128.1 ± 12.7	0.3 (-0.51, 1.10)
DBP (mmHg)	79.7 ± 8.3	77.8 ± 6.9	-0.25 (-0.82, 0.32)	81.5 ± 11.7	81.4 ± 6.5	-0.01 (-0.62, 0.59)	78.2 ± 5.3	79.9 ± 6.1	0.30 (-0.51, 1.10)
MAP	97.2 ± 10.8	93.9 ± 7.9	-0.36 (-0.92, 0.22)	100.7 ± 12.5	98.4 ± 8.9	-0.21 (-0.82, 0.39)	96.6 ± 6.2	95.9 ± 8.6	-0.09 (-0.89, 0.71)
CSP (mmHg)1	118.6 ± 17.7	111.3 ± 10.71	-0.51 (-1.07, 0.10)	121.8 ± 15.9	119.9 ± 8.9	-0.14 (-0.75, 0.46)	116.7 ± 12.1	115.3 ± 13.5	-0.11 (-0.91, 0.69)
PP (mmHG)	35.7 ± 12.8	30.8 ± 6.8	-0.5 (-1.05, 0.10)	35.7 ± 10.6	36.0 ± 7.5	0.04 (-0.57, 0.64)	35.0 ± 11.4	34.1 ± 11.4	-0.08 (-0.88, 0.72)
AP (mmHg)1	8.1 ± 8.1	5.9 ± 4.41	-0.35 (-0.91, 0.23)	9.3 ± 8.6	7.0 ± 4.8	-0.34 (-0.94, 0.28)	10.3 ± 6.6	8.0 ± 9.2	-0.29 (-1.09, 0.52)
AIx (%)	19.9 ± 14.7	18 ± 11.6	-0.14 (-0.71, 0.42)	22.5 ± 18.4	11.59 ± 18.8	-0.24 (-1.20, 0.03)	26.6 ± 12.5	10.0 ± 18.3	-1.06 (-1.91, -0.20)
CDP (mmHg)	83.25 ± 9.13	80.3 ± 7.9	-0.34 (-0.92, 0.22)	85.9 ± 10.6	82.8 ± 7.1	-0.34 (-0.95, 0.27)	82.7 ± 6.9	81.1 ± 7.1	-0.22 (-1.03, 0.57)
PWV (m/s)	6.6 ± 1.5	6.5 ± 1.2	-0.12 (-0.64, 0.49)	6.8 ± 1.5	6.9 ± 1.0	0.11 (-0.53, 0.68)	6.8 ± 1.5	6.2 ± 1.4	-0.41 (-1.22, 0.40)
STS (s)12	10.1 ± 2.8	8.1 ± 2.11	-0.83 (-1.40, -0.22)	10.6 ± 2.8	9.2 ± 2.0	-0.59 (-1.20, 0.42)	9.6 ± 2.3	10.49 ± 2.7	0.36 (-0.44, 1.17)
6MWT (m)12	510.7 ± 114.9	607.7 ± 85.51	0.97 (0.36, 1.56)	483.1 ± 72.3	518.6 ± 94.5	0.17 (-0.23, 0.99)	494.2 ± 128.7	477.7 ± 127.1	-0.13 (-0.93, 0.67)
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.0	4.8 ± 0.5	-0.28 (-0.85, 0.29)	5.1 ± 0.6	4.9 ± 0.7	-0.31 (-0.92, 0.30)	5.1 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.4	-0.5 (-1.31, 0.31)
CRP (mg/L)	2.9 ± 3.5	2.7 ± 3.2	-0.07 (-0.63, 0.50)	4.5 ± 5.1	4.7 ± 4.9	0.04 (-0.56 – 0.64)	2.0 ± 1.1	2.0 ± 1.6	0 (-0.80, 0.80)
Insulin (mU/L)	11.4 ± 6.8	9.0 ± 4.9	-0.41 (-1.36, -0.19)	13.1 ± 10.4	11.3 ± 9.3	-0.18 (-0.79 – 0.42)	9.9 ± 5.6	10.7 ± 6.3	0.13 (-0.67, 0.94)
WBC (x 109/L)1	6.9 ± 2.5	5.7 ± 2.51	-0.46 (-1.05, 0.10)	5.6 ± 2.0	5.2 ± 1.8	-0.21 (-0.82 – 0.40)	5.4 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.9	-0.62 (-1.44, 0.20)

¹Time effect;

²Interaction effect. ES: Effect size; HR: Heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; CSP: Central systolic pressure; PP: Central pulse pressure; AP: Arterial pressure; Aix: Augmentation index (stiffness); CDP: Central diastolic pressure; PWV: Pulse wave velocity; STS: Sit-to-stand test; 6MWT: 6-min walk test; CRP: C-reactive protein; WBC: White blood cell.