Male papillary breast cancer treated by wide resection and latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction: A case report and review of the literature

Table 1 The comparison of male and female breast cancer with respect to diagnostics and therapy

	Female breast cancer	Male breast cancer
Epidemiology	Very common (125 new cases per 100000 women per year)	Very rare (1.2 new cases per 100000 men per year)
Average age at diagnosis	62 yr	67 yr
Diagnostics	Mammography, sonography; in selected cases MRI	Sonography; mammography if possible; in selected cases MRI
Association with BRCA mutation	5%-10% of all cases are BRCA-positive	10%-20% of all cases are BRCA-positive
Surgery	Breast-conserving surgery (70%-80% patients) or mastectomy; sentinel node biopsy in cN0	Mastectomy; sentinel node biopsy in cN0
Reconstruction techniques	Implant or flap-based reconstruction after mastectomy	Flap-based reconstruction of thoracic wall in case of a large tumor
Chemotherapy	Recommendation depends on tumor biology and tumor load; adjuvant or neoadjuvant use; usually anthracycline- and taxane-based
Endocrine therapy	Recommended in hormone receptor positive tumors; tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor	Recommended in hormone receptor positive tumors; tamoxifen
HER2-targeted treatment	Trastuzumab recommended in HER2-positive tumors
Radiation therapy		Thoracic wall or lymph node radiation in case of higher tumor load
	Recommended after breast-conserving surgery; thoracic wall or lymph node radiation in case of higher tumor load

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.