Factors associated with cervical cancer screening in a safety net population

Table 1 Patient sociodemographics

	All patients (n = 1318)
Mean age, years (SD)	45.0 (13.1)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	230 (17%)
African American	131 (10%)
Hispanic	888 (67%)
Other	69 (5%)
Language, English	591 (45%)
Mean age of menarche (SD)	12.8 (1.88)
Mean pregnancies (SD)	3.3 (2.32)
Mean live births (SD)	2.7 (1.97)
Mean age of first live birth (SD)	21.0 (4.43)
Education, years
6 or less	286 (22%)
7-11	340 (26%)
High school/equivalent	324 (25%)
Some college	368 (28%)
Adequate health literacy	229 (17%)
Body mass index in kg/m2 (SD)	29.3 (7.57)
Marital status - married	555 (42%)
Employment, employed	456 (35%)
Insurance status
Commercial	60 (5%)
Medicare	45 (3%)
Medicaid	312 (24%)
None	900 (68%)
Monthly income $US (SD)	1099 (878.46)
Screening mammography (age ≥ 40 yr)	253/899 (28%)
Pap smear in last 15 mo	514 (39%)

SD: Standard deviation; $US: United States dollars.

Table 2 Patient factors associated with use of Pap-smear for cervical cancer screening

Variables	Unadjusted			Adjusted2
	Rate	OR	P-value1	OR	P-value
Age (per year)	45.17 ± 12.64	0.97 (0.96, 0.98)	< 0.0001	0.97 (0.96, 0.99)	< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic White race		0.92 (0.68, 1.23)	0.6029	-
No	429/1088
Yes	86/230
Hispanic ethnicity		1.16 (0.91, 1.47)	0.2294	-
No	158/430
Yes	357/888
Pregnancies (per pregnancy)	3.31 ± 2.28	0.95 (0.90, 0.99)	0.0277	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	0.2537
Live births (per birth)	2.70 ± 1.95	0.91 (0.85, 0.96)	0.0011	0.90 (0.77, 1.04)	0.1556
Age of 1st live birth (per year)	20.96 ± 4.42	1.05 (1.02, 1.07)	0.0013	1.04 (1.01, 1.08)	0.0121
Body mass index, kg/m2 (per unit)	29.29 ± 7.57	0.988 (0.972, 1.003)	0.1224	-
Language		1.09 (0.87, 1.36)	0.4622	-
English	235/619
Other	280/699
Education (per year)	10.40 ± 3.80	1.05 (1.02, 1.08)	0.0012	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	0.9472
Low HL	368/1056	2.73 (2.04, 3.66)	< 0.0001	2.05 (1.38, 3.03)	0.0003
Adequate HL	136/229
Married		1.19 (0.95, 1.48)	0.1375
No	285/763			-
Yes	230/555
Menopausal		0.42 (0.32, 0.54)	< 0.0001	0.88 (0.58, 1.31)	0.5192
No	410/909
Post	105/409
Employed		1.39 (1.11, 1.76)	0.0053	1.04 (0.78, 1.37)	0.8023
No	313/862
Yes	202/456
Income (per $1000US/mo)	1.10 ± 8.78	1.44 (1.26, 1.64)	< 0.0001	1.29 (1.09, 1.51)	0.0024
Insured	141/418	1.40 (1.10, 1.78)	0.0076	1.22 (0.90, 1.65)	0.1977
Uninsured	374/900
Current smoker		0.80 (0.60, 1.06)	0.1211
No	423/1054			-
Yes	92/264
Screening mammography		1.46 (1.11, 1.92)	0.0081	1.69 (1.22, 2.35)	0.0018
No	397/1064
Yes	118/254
Primary care provider	427/1182	3.24 (2.24, 4.70)	< 0.0001	2.81 (1.84, 4.29)	< 0.0001
Others gynecologist	88/136

¹Derived from a Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and a logistic regression model for continuous variables;

²Adjusted for age, pregnancies, live births, age of 1^st live birth, years of education, HL, menopause, employment, income, insurance, use of screening mammography, and type of primary care provider. HL: Health literacy as measured by Newest Vital Sign.