Cigarette smoking, dietary habits and genetic polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 metabolic genes: A case-control study in oncohematological diseases

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the population under study n (%)

	Cases n = 125	Controls n = 310	OR (95%CI)	P
Age mean (SD)	48.5 (16.6)	51 (18.5)	-	0.507
Sex
Male	74 (59.2)	134 (43.2)	Ref.	0.003
Female	51 (40.8)	176 (56.8)	0.52 (0.34-0.82)
Education
≤ 7 yr (complete primary school or less)	174 (56.31)	55 (44)	Ref.
12 yr (complete secondary school)	115 (37.22)	48 (38.4)	1.2 (0.73-1.95)	< 0.0011
> 12 yr (complete college)	20 (6.47)	22 (17.6)	3.68 (1.82-7.4)
Marital status
Single	79 (25.48)	27 (21.6)	Ref.
In couple/married	162 (52.26)	86 (68.8)	1.7 (0.99-2.95)	0.051
Divorced/separated	27 (8.71)	5 (4)	0.64 (0.21-1.9)	0.421
Widowed	42 (13.55)	7 (5.6)	0.75 (0.27-2.13)	0.591
Type of malignancy
ALL	10 (8)
AML	18 (14.4)
CLL	10 (8)
CML	20 (16)
MM	29 (23.2)
HL	18 (14.4)
NHL	20 (16)

¹Adjusted for age and sex. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. ALL: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML: Acute myeloblastic leukemia; CLL: Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia; CML: Chronic myeloblastic leukemia; MM: Multiple mieloma; HL: Hodgkin lymphoma; NHL: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; Ref: Reference category; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Allele and genotype frequencies for CYP1A1 *2A polymorphism, and GSTT1/GSTM1 null polymorphisms

	Cases n = 125	Controls n = 310
Allele frequencies
CYP1A1
T	0.7	0.65
C	0.3	0.35
Genotype frequencies (n)
GSTT1*null	0.18 (22)	0.18 (55)
GSTM1*null	0.5 (61)	0.47 (140)
CYP1A1
TT	0.53 (64)	0.47 (140)
TC	0.34 (42)	0.37 (113)
CC	0.13 (16)	0.16 (47)

Table 3 Association between tobacco, dietary habits, xenobiotic metabolizing genes polymorphisms, and oncohematological diseases n (%)

	Cases n = 125	Controls n =310	OR (95%CI)	P
Tobacco smoking status
Never	49 (39.8)	142 (46.4)	Ref.
Former	47 (38.2)	100 (32.7)	1.36 (0.84-2.19)	0.202
Current	27 (22)	64 (20.9)	1.22 (0.70-2.13)	0.478
Consumption of canned food
0-2 times/wk	121 (96.8)	292 (94.8)	Ref.	0.370
3 or more times/wk	4 (3.2)	16 (5.2)	0.60 (0.14-1.92)
Consumption of grilled/barbecued meat
0-2 times/mo	69 (55.2)	217 (70.7)	Ref.	0.0211
3 or more times/mo	56 (44.8)	90 (29.3)	1.72 (1.08-2.75)
Alcohol drinking
0-3 times/wk	110 (88)	268 (86.5)	Ref.	0.665
4 or more times/wk	15 (12)	42 (13.5)	0.87 (0.43-1.68)
Consumption of coffee
< 1 cup/d	90 (72)	259 (83.5)	Ref.	0.0371
1 or more cups/d	35 (28)	51 (16.5)	1.77 (1.03-3.03)
GSTT1
Presence	100 (82)	245 (81.7)	Ref.	0.942
Null	22 (18)	55 (18.3)	0.98 (0.54-1.74)
GSTM1
Presence	61 (50)	160 (53.3)	Ref.	0.534
Null	61 (50)	140 (46.7)	1.14 (0.73-1.78)
CYP1A1
TT	64 (52.5)	140 (46.7)	Ref.	0.280
TC + CC	58 (47.5)	160 (53.3)	0.79 (0.51-1.24)

¹Adjusted for age, sex, and educational level. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Ref.: Reference category.