Prognostic role of Ki-67 in colorectal carcinoma: Development and evaluation of machine learning prediction models

Table 1 Distribution of cases by Ki-67 cutoffs

Cutoff	< cutoff (n)	≥ cutoff (n)	Total (n)	Exclusion reason
10%	3	869	872	< 1% in < cutoff group
20%	9	863	872	1% in < cutoff group
30%	15	857	872	< 2% in ≥ cutoff group
40%	82	790	872	Retained
50%	200	672	872	Retained
60%	301	571	872	Retained
70%	437	435	872	Retained
80%	578	294	872	Retained
90%	728	144	872	Retained

Table 2 Distribution of patients by Ki-67 cutoff and exclusion criteria.

Cutoff	< cutoff (n)	≥ cutoff (n)	Total (n)	Exclusion reason
20%	2	206	208	< 1% in < cutoff group
30%	6	202	208	< 3% in < cutoff group
40%	54	154	208	Retained
50%	117	91	208	Retained
60%	165	43	208	Retained
70%	190	18	208	Retained
80%	204	4	208	< 2% in ≥ cutoff group
20%	2	206	208	< 1% in < cutoff group
30%	6	202	208	< 3% in < cutoff group

Table 3 Clinicopathological correlations with Ki-67 expression groups

Ki-67 expression groups	Clinicopathological indicators	Mann-Whitney U value	Wilcoxon W value	Z value	Asymptotic significance (two-tailed) P value
< 40 vs ≥ 40	Gender (male, female)	31612.000	344057.000	-0.425	0.671
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	28845.000	341290.000	-2.655	0.008
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	29815.000	33218.000	-1.370	0.171
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	30872.500	34275.500	-0.746	0.455
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	31917.000	344362.000	-0.679	0.497
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	32110.000	35513.000	-0.294	0.769
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	28922.000	341367.000	-2.383	0.017
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	30354.000	33757.000	-1.413	0.158
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	30897.000	343342.000	-1.039	0.299
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	31463.000	34866.000	-0.508	0.611
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	27290.000	30140.000	-1.563	0.118
< 50 vs ≥ 50	Gender (male, female)	66972.000	293100.000	-0.086	0.931
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	63892.000	290020.000	-1.720	0.085
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	65120.000	85220.000	-0.768	0.442
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	64225.000	84325.000	-1.016	0.310
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	66812.000	292940.000	-0.387	0.699
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	65788.000	291916.000	-1.030	0.303
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	64452.000	290580.000	-1.311	0.190
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	66860.000	86960.000	-0.164	0.870
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	64780.000	84880.000	-1.169	0.242
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	66728.000	292856.000	-0.180	0.857
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	63276.000	83376.000	-2.191	0.028
< 60 vs ≥ 60	Gender (male, female)	85356.000	130807.500	-0.194	0.846
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	83525.000	246831.000	-1.109	0.268
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	84560.000	130011.000	-0.449	0.653
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	84505.500	247811.500	-0.432	0.666
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	85805.000	249111.000	-0.115	0.908
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	85373.500	248679.500	-0.363	0.717
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	84727.500	248033.500	-0.510	0.610
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	85433.500	248739.500	-0.214	0.831
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	82664.000	128115.000	-1.397	0.162
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	82995.000	246301.000	-0.989	0.322
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	80296.000	125747.000	-2.806	0.005
< 70 vs ≥ 70	Gender (male, female)	94780.000	190483.500	-0.085	0.932
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	92855.000	187415.000	-1.077	0.282
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	92867.000	187697.000	-0.677	0.498
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	94707.500	189537.500	-0.098	0.922
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	93942.000	189645.000	-0.927	0.354
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	93333.500	188163.500	-1.051	0.293
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	94255.500	189085.500	-0.318	0.751
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	94253.500	189083.500	-0.322	0.748
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	94907.000	189737.000	-0.057	0.955
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	91071.000	185901.000	-1.272	0.203
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	87145.000	182848.500	-3.724	0.000
< 80 vs ≥ 80	Gender (male, female)	84512.000	127877.000	-0.153	0.878
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	82565.000	125930.000	-1.110	0.267
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	81625.000	124990.000	-1.097	0.273
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	84876.000	128241.000	-0.027	0.978
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	84769.000	128134.000	-0.175	0.861
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	83122.000	126487.000	-1.196	0.232
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	84070.000	251401.000	-0.380	0.704
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	84270.000	127635.000	-0.298	0.766
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	84853.000	128218.000	-0.049	0.961
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	76857.000	120222.000	-2.744	0.006
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	76568.000	243899.000	-4.220	0.000
< 90 vs ≥ 90	Gender (male, female)	52336.000	62776.000	-0.034	0973
	Age (> 50, ≤ 50)	50368.000	60808.000	-1.206	0.228
	Stage (I and II, III and IV)	51616.000	62056.000	-0.335	0.738
	Tumor location (right colon, left colon, rectum)	50731.000	61171.000	-0.652	0.515
	Number of lesions (1, > 1)	51928.000	62368.000	-0.551	0.582
	Histological type (non-specific type, specific type)	51584.000	62024.000	-0.687	0.492
	Histological grade (low-grade, high-grade)	49548.000	314904.000	-1.549	0.121
	Vascular invasion (no, yes)	50776.000	61216.000	-0.895	0.371
	Nerve invasion (no, yes)	49540.000	59980.000	-1.573	0.116
	Lymph node metastasis (no, yes)	49948.000	60388.000	-1.063	0.288
	MMR (pMMR, dMMR)	45368.000	310724.000	-4.473	0.000

MMR: MisMatch repair; pMMR: Proficient MisMatch repair; dMMR: Deficient MisMatch repair.