Possible relationship between refractory celiac disease and malignancies

Table 1 Malignancies with increased risk, or not reported in studies of patients with celiac disease

Ref.	Study design	Increased risk	No increased risk
Eigner et al[40]	Retrospective cohort	EATL	-
		Small bowel adenocarcinoma
Freeman[38]	Retrospective cohort	Lymphoma	-
		Small bowel carcinoma
		Hypopharyngeal carcinoma
Grainge et al[39]	Cohort	All malignancies	-
		Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Howdle et al[32]	Survey	Small bowel adenocarcinoma	-
		Small bowel lymphoma
van Gils et al[47]	Case-control	T-cell lymphoma, predominantly EATL	Other types of lymphomas
		Small bowel adenocarcinoma	GI carcinomas
		Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Anderson et al[48]	Retrospective cohort	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (but not statistically significant)	-
Green et al[41]	National survey	Small bowel adenocarcinoma	-
		Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Han et al[42]	Meta-analysis	All malignancies	Other GI cancers
		Small intestinal cancers
		Esophageal cancer
Ilus et al[43]	Retrospective cohort	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Decreased risk of lung, pancreatic, bladder, renal and breast cancer
		Small intestinal cancer
		Colon cancer
		Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Kent et al[49]	Cohort	Papillary thyroid cancer	-
Lebwohl et al[50]	Population-based setting	-	Cutaneous malignant melanoma
Volta et al[51]	Cohort	-	Colon carcinoma

EATL: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; GI: Gastrointestinal; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk.

Table 2 Malignancies associated with celiac disease in case reports

Ref.	Diagnosis of malignancies (age in years)
Ahluwalia et al[52]	Burkitt-like lymphoma of colon (75)
Buess et al[53]	EATL causing obstructive jaundice (54)
Cankurtaran et al[54]	Plasma cell dyscrasia (65)
Cereda et al[55]	1st patient: Burkitt lymphoma of the small bowel (5)
	2nd patient: Ependymoma (4)
	3rd patient: Ewing sarcoma (6)
Zunguo et al[56]	Large B-cell lymphoma and enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (65)
Fallah et al[57]	Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine (89)
Jafroodi et al[58]	Hodgkin’s lymphoma (11)
Naderi et al[59]	Two patients: germ cell tumor (3.5 and 5)
	3rd patient: Wilm’s tumor (6)
	4th patient: Acute lymphobolastic lymphoma (4.5)
	5th patient: Astrocytoma (8)
Sahin et al[60]	Intestinal adenocarcinoma (58)
Zullo et al[61]	Intestinal adenocarcinoma (77)