Efficacy of texture analysis of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Tumor features on magnetic resonance imaging

	Total	MVI group	Non-MVI group	P value
Tumors, n (%)	50 (100)	15 (30)	35 (70)
Size (mm), mean (SD)		56.4 (34.6)	41.3 (29.1)	0.107
Multiplicity, n (%)				0.087
Single	43 (86)	15 (100)	28 (80)
Multifocal	7 (14)	0	7 (20)
T1 (unenhanced), n (%)				0.346
Hypointense	46 (92)	13 (87)	33 (94)
Isointense	2 (4)	1 (7)	1 (3)
Hyperintense	2 (4)	1 (7)	1 (3)
T1 (arterial phase), n (%)				0.663
Hypointense	6 (12)	1 (7)	5 (14)
Isointense	6 (12)	1 (7)	5 (14)
Hyperintense	38 (76)	13 (87)	25 (71)
T1 (portal venous phase), n (%)				0.231
Hypointense	42 (84)	14 (93)	28 (80)
Isointense	6 (12)	0 (0)	6 (17)
Hyperintense	2 (4)	1 (7)	1 (3)
T1 (equilibrium phase), n (%)				0.654
Hypointense	45 (90)	14 (93)	31 (89)
Isointense	4 (8)	1 (7)	3 (9)
Hyperintense	0	0 (0)	0 (0)
T1 (HPB phase), n (%)				0.664
Hypointense	33 (66)	9 (60)	24 (69)
Isointense	1 (2)	0	1 (3)
Not performed	16 (32)	6 (40)	10 (28)
T2 hyperintensity, n (%)				0.451
Present	42 (84)	12 (80)	30 (86)
Absent	8 (16)	3 (20)	5 (14)
Restricted diffusion, n (%)				0.745
Present	44 (88)	13 (87)	31 (89)
Absent	5 (10)	2 (13)	3 (9)
Not performed	1 (2)	0 (0)	1 (3)
Visible vessels (arterial phase), n (%)				0.001
Present	11 (22)	8 (53)	3 (9)
Absent	39 (78)	7 (47)	32 (91)
Visible vessels (portal venous phase), n (%)				0.043
Present	8 (16)	5 (33)	3 (9)
Absent	42 (84)	10 (67)	32 (91)
Peritumoral enhancement, n (%)				0.248
Present	15 (30)	6 (40)	9 (26)
Absent	35 (70)	9 (60)	26 (74)
Hypodense halo, n (%)				0.524
Present	5 (10)	1 (7)	4 (11)
Absent	45 (90)	14 (93)	31 (89)
Border between tumour and liver, n (%)				0.428
Sharp	34 (68)	11 (73)	23 (66)
Ill-defined	16 (32)	4 (27)	12 (34)
Tumor margins, n (%)				0.477
Smooth	28 (56)	9 (60)	19 (54)
Non-smooth	22 (44)	6 (40)	16 (46)
LI-RADS, n (%)				0.05
LR-4	10 (20)	0 (0)	10 (29)
LR-5	27 (54)	10 (67)	17 (49)
LR-M	13 (26)	5 (33)	8 (22)

MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 2 Patient demographics

Variable	Total	MVI		P value
		MVI group = 15	Non-MVI group = 35
Age (yr), mean (SD)	67.0 (7.0)	68.3 (8.8)	66.4 (6.1)	0.491
Gender				0.348
Male, n (%)	43 (86)	12 (80)	31 (89)
Female, n (%)	7 (14)	3 (20)	4 (11)
Aetiology				0.377
Alcohol, n (%)	3 (6)	0 (0)	3 (8)
Hepatitis B, n (%)	28 (56)	7 (46)	21 (60)
Hepatitis C, n (%)	3 (6)	1 (7)	2 (6)
Hepatitis B and C, n (%)	1 (2)	1 (7)	0 (0)
NAon-alcoholic steatohepatitis, n (%)	1 (2)	1 (7)	0 (0)
Cryptogenic cirrhosis, n (%)	5 (10)	2 (13)	3 (8)
De novo, n (%)	9 (18)	3 (20)	6 (17)
HbSAg				0.676
Positive, n (%)	27 (54)	7 (46)	20 (57)
Negative, n (%)	22 (44)	8 (54)	14 (40)
Unknown, n (%)	1 (2)	0 (0)	1 (3)
Pre-operative serology
Alpha-fetoprotein (UG/L), mean (SD)	248.0 (893.2)	777.7 (1571.4)	32.9 (105.6)	0.065
Albumin (g/L), mean (SD)	36.3 (5.8)	35.4 (5.6)	36.7 (5.9)	0.374
Bilirubin (µmol/L), mean (SD)	19.5 (12.1)	18.6 (7.1)	19.9 (13.8)	0.797

MVI: Microvascular invasion.

Table 3 Features and results of methods 1 to 5

	Method 1	Method 2	Method 3	Method 4	Method 5
Feature set used	Arterial phase	Portovenous phase	Equilibrium phase	Selected features from all phases	Selected features put through recursive pruning
Classification accuracy (%)	81.4	84.7	70	85.5	87.8