Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization strategies to support high-dose chemotherapy: A focus on relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors

Table 1 Clinical studies applying various hematopoietic stem cell mobilization chemotherapy + granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protocols in patients with relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors

Ref.	Number of patients	Successful mobilization	Mobilization regimen
Fruehauf et al[149] 1995 (prospective analysis)	15	Median BM 31.49 × 106/kg PB 0.46 × 106/kg 100%	Cisplatin 100 mg/m2 etoposide 75 mg/m2 ifosfamide 2 g/m2 + G-CSF
Tada et al[150] 1999 (retrospective analysis)	6	2.5 × 108/kg 100%	Cisplatin 200 mg/m2 ifosfamide 4 g/m2 etoposide 100 mg/m2 d1-d3 + G-CSF
Rodenhuis et al[151] 1999 (multicenter prospective phase II)	35	10.3 × 106/kg 100%	Cisplatin 200 mg/m2 ifosfamide 4 g/m2 etoposide 100 mg/m2 d1-d3 + G-CSF
Lotz et al[152] 2005 TAXIF 2005 (retrospective analysis)	45	9 × 106/kg (for 3 HDCT) 100%	Epirubicin 120 mg/m2 - paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 + G-CSF
Argawal et al[102] 2009 (retrospective analysis)	37	3-6 × 106/kg 100%	ifosfamide 2-4.5 g/m2 + G-CSF
Feldman et al[153] 2010 (prospective phase I/II)	107	> 2 × 106/kg 100%	TI: paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 d1 ifosfamide 2 g/m2 d1-d3 + G-CSF
Haugnes et al[154] 2012 (prospective analysis)	882	> 2 × 106/kg 100%	BEP-ifosfamide + G-CSF
Mohr et al[155] 2012 (retrospective analysis)	44	> 4 × 106/kg 100%	PEI (cisplatin, etoposide, ifosfamide) + G-CSF Plerixafor in poor mobilizers
Necchi et al[156] 2015 (review)	42	> 2 × 106/kg 100%	BEP + G-CSF
Moeung et al[157] 2017 (pharmacokinetic phase II study)	89	> 9 × 106/kg (for 3 HDCT) (1-2 cycles) 100%	TI: paclitaxel, ifosfamide + G-CSF
Hamid et al[106] 2018 (retrospective analysis)	35	10/35 plerixafor + G-CSF 95%	TI: paclitaxel, ifosfamide or TIP
Argawal et al[158] 2019 (retrospective analysis)	321	172 allogeneic 95% 149 autologous 73% 77/149 without plerixafor → 64% success 72/149 with plerixafor → 82% success	G-CSF ± Plerixafor
Yildiz et al[159] 2020 (retrospective analysis)	50	> 2 × 106/kg 100%	TIP + G-CSF
Ussowicz et al[160] 2020 (retrospective analysis)	18 (children)	Median: 4.56 × 106/kg 100%	Cyclophosphamide 4 g/m2 + G-CSF
Chevreau et al[161] 2020 (multicenter prospective phase II)	89	> 9 × 106/kg (for 3 HDCT) 100%	TI: paclitaxel, ifosfamide + G-CSF

G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; HDCT: High-dose chemotherapy; TIP: Paclitaxel (Taxol)-ifosfamide-cisplatin.

Table 2 Clinical studies applying plerixafor with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ± chemotherapy for hematopoietic stem cells mobilization in patients with relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors

Ref.	Number of patients participating	Successful mobilization rates on previously failed chemotherapy + G-SCF driven mobilization (> 2 × 106)	Mobilization techniques
Kobold et al[128] 2011 (Retrospective analysis)	6	66.67% (4)	Chemo + G-CSF failed
			Plerixafor + G-CSF
Horwitz et al[162] 2012 (Retrospective analysis)	21	76% (17)	Chemo + G-CSF failed
			Plerixafor + G-CSF
Worel et al[163] 2012 (Retrospective analysis)	11	91% (10)	Plerixafor + G-CSF
Garcia-Escobar et al[164] 2014 (Case series)	5	80% (4)	Chemo + G-CSF failed
			Plerixafor + G-CSF
Kosmas et al[165] 2014 (Pilot study)	14 (3)	100% (3)	Chemo + G-CSF failed
			Chemo + Plerixafor + G-CSF
O’Hara et al[166] 2014 (Retrospective analysis)	9 (3)	100% (3)	Plerixafor + G-CSF

Related case studies: Saure et al[167], 2010; Tuffaha and Adel-Rahman[168], 2011; De Blasio et al[169], 2013; Miltiadous et al[170], 2017. G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.