Awareness that early cancer lump is painless could decrease breast cancer mortality in developing countries

Abstract

There are several factors which contribute to patients’ reporting late to healthcare facility even after detecting the breast lump (patient delay). Amongst these, one of the important factors in low- and middle-income countries is lack of awareness that early cancer lump is painless (ECLIPs). Pain is often taken as a danger sign and absence of pain is often not taken seriously. The studies have shown that up to 98% of women in low-income countries are unaware that a painless lump could be a warning sign of early breast cancer. This fact is significant because this could be one of the prime reasons for the women having discovered a painless lump in the breast, accidentally or by breast self-examination, presume it to be harmless and don’t report early to health care facility. Therefore, creating awareness about ECLIPs could be an effective strategy to reduce mortality due to breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, unlike modifying risk factors which requires long term behavior modification, creating awareness about ECLIPs is easy and cost effective.

Key Words: Breast, Cancer, Screening, Lump, Pain, Painless

Core tip: Breast cancer mortality is quite high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) despite low incidence levels in these countries. One of the major reasons for this is late presentation of patients to clinicians in LMICs. The late presentation can be due to either inability to detect lump early or late realization that the detected lump can be cancerous. For the latter, lack of awareness that early cancer lump is painless (ECLIPs) is one major reason. Moreover creating awareness about ECLIPs is easy and cost effective. Therefore ECLIPs awareness should be part of breast cancer national programs in LMICs.

TO THE EDITOR

I read with great interest the article titled “Lay perceptions of breast cancer in Western Kenya”. The article highlights the dismal level of awareness about breast cancer causes and symptoms in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)[1]. Primary as well as secondary prevention can play an important part to decrease mortality due to breast cancer. In this context, an important aspect of secondary prevention [awareness about the fact that early breast cancer lump is painless (ECLIPs)] assumes quite importance in LMICs where the level of education is quite low.

The incidence of breast cancer in low-income countries is three to four times lower as compared to the developed countries (25.8 vs 95 per 100000)[2]. But the pressing issue in low-income countries is high mortality despite low incidence (12.7 vs 17.1 per 100000)[2]. The main reasons for this are delay in detecting a lump, delay in availing treatment even after detecting a breast lump (patient delay), and inadequate specialized healthcare facilities (hospital delay and inadequate treatment).

The strategies to tackle this are modifying risk factors (to reduce incidence), regular screening (to detect early), decrease patient delay, and provide better treatment facilities (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Role of awareness about early cancer lump is painless in overall management of breast cancer. BSE: Breast self-examination; ECLIPs: Early breast cancer lump is painless; CBE: Clinical breast examination.

Modifying risk factors require behavior modification which is difficult and take much longer time. Regular screening by mammography, and clinical breast examination and provision of better healthcare facilities is hindered by logistical constraints[3]. Breast self-examination (BSE), though cheap, has sensitivity of only 12%-14%, has no positive effect compared to those who are not performing it and it also leads to false positives[4].

Amongst the patient delay factors, one of the important factors is lack of awareness about ECLIPs[5]. In low-income countries, due to high prevalence of illiteracy, pain is usually taken as a danger sign and presence of a painless lump is often not taken seriously and is ignored[5]. In these countries, up to 75% of women perceived breast pain as a symptom of breast cancer[6] and up to 98% of women were unaware that a painless lump could be the first warning sign of a breast cancer[7]. This fact is significant because this could be one of the prime reasons for the women having discovered a painless lump in the breast, accidentally or by any other screening method, presume it to be harmless and don’t report early to health care facility. Therefore, creating awareness about ECLIPs could be an effective strategy to reduce mortality due to breast cancer in LMICs. Moreover, creating awareness about ECLIPs is easier. It is a single small fact which can easily reach large populations if highlighted properly at various platforms including media. This step (by decreasing patient delay) would also increase the efficacy of screening. Therefore ECLIPs awareness is a logical, easy, and cost effective strategy to decrease breast cancer mortality in LMICs and should be a part of national cancer management strategies in these countries.