Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 single nucleotide polymorphism Gly388Arg in head and neck carcinomas

Figure 5 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 signalling pathway in cancer. Binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) leads to receptor activation, which leads to activation of several downstream signalling pathways, including RAS-RAF-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ). Negative feedback signalling regulate at several levels by induction of negative regulators, including MAPK1 and 3 phosphatase (MKP1 and MKP3). Regulators modulate intracellular signalling through MAP Kinase pathways. These regulations eventually lead to altered cell biology including promotion of cell motility, cell proliferation or inhibition of cell differentiation. DAG: Diacylglycerol; FRS2α: FGFR substrate 2α; GRB2: Growth factor receptor-bound 2; IP3: Inositol triphosphate; P: Phosphorylation; PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate; PKC: Protein kinase C; Sos: Son of sevenless.