Endoscopic diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma: Advances and current limitations

Figure 1 Cholangiographic finding of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in the nonicteric stage. A: Cholangiography shows a papillary tumor at the distal common bile duct (arrows); B: The histologic findings of the resected specimen showed papillary adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosal layer (hematoxylin and eosin, × 1).

Figure 2 Diagnostic methods for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma without jaundice. US: Ultrasonography; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasonography; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasonography.

Figure 3 Diagnostic methods for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with jaundice. US: Ultrasonography; CT: Computed tomography; NBD: Naso-biliary drainage; EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasonography; POCS: Peroral cholangioscopy.