Immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment: Current state and future prospects

Figure 1 Scheme about current glioblastomas treatment strategies and its advantages and limitations. GBM: Glioblastomas; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; TMZ: Temozolomide; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor;

Figure 2 Simplified scheme of glioblastomas-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment. MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; NK: Natural killer. The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.

Figure 3 Immune checkpoint inhibition targets: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3/ Galactin 9, programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 /CD80 or CD86. A: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3/ Galactin 9; B: programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1; C: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4/CD80 or CD86. TIM-3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3; GAL-9: Galactin 9; PD-1: Programmed cell death-1; PDL-1: Programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.

Figure 4 Simplified scheme of oncolytic virotherapy for glioblastomas. GBM: Glioblastoma; OV: Oncolytic virus; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns. The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.