Massive duodenal variceal bleed; complication of extra hepatic portal hypertension: Endoscopic management and literature review

Table 1 Summary of the reported cases of endoscopically managed duodenal variceal bleeds caused by extrahepatic portal hypertension

Ref.	Etiology/clinical history	Intervention	Outcome	Additional
Bosch et al[10]	Mesenteric vein thrombosis	EVL	Stable (11 mo)
Goetz et al[11]	Post-trauma splenectomy	EVL	Stable (4 mo)
Gunnerson et al[4]	Crush injury	EVL	Stable (2 yr)
Gunnerson et al[4]	Anomalous venous vasculature	EVL	Re-bleed (8 mo)	EIS; (Sod mon)
Cottam et al[12]	Multiple surgical procedures	EIS; (Epi)	Re-bleed (wk)	Surgery
Osaka et al[13]	Vascular malformation	EIS; (Eth)	Re-bleed (unknown)	Surgery
Tsuji et al[14]	Motor vehicle accident	EIS; (Polid, Throm)	Stable (unknown)	Surgery
Sans et al[15]	Caroli’s Dz, SMV thrombosis	EIS; (Thromb, Eth)	Stable (5 mo)
Kao et al[16]	Pancreatitis; portal vein stenosis	EIS; (Cyano, Lip)	Stable (2 mo)

Epi: Epinephrine; Eth: Ethanolamine; Throm: Thrombin; Cyano: Cyanoacrylate; Lip: Lipiodiol; Polid: Polidocanol; Sod mon: Sodium morrhuate; EVL: Endoscopic interventions include endoscopic band ligation; EIS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy.