Comprehensive review of Clostridium difficile infection: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Table 1 Treatment and prevention for Clostridium difficile infection

	Treatment and prevention methods	Action mechanism	Ref.
Treatment	Discontinue antibiotics	Avoid the risk of recurrence	Mullane et al[33]
	Antibiotics	Inhibition of C. difficile cell wall synthesis and C. difficile deoxyribonucleic acid replication	Zhao et al[34], Dai et al[35], Louie et al[51]
	Fecal microflora transplantation therapy	Restore microbiota balance	van Nood et al[52]
	Surgical treatment	Excision of the lesion	Rajack et al[38]
	Oral probiotic therapy	Establish the normal intestinal microflora	Yang et al[39]
	Intravenous immunoglobulin	Enhance immunity	Woods et al[40]
Prevention and control	Contact isolation	Prevent C. difficile transmission	Kundrapu et al[47]
	Hand hygiene	Remove C. difficile and spores	Jabbar et al[48]
	Clean and disinfect the environment	Kill C. difficile and spores	Surawicz et al[49]
	Antimicrobial management	Reduce the risk of C. difficile infection	McDonald et al[36]
	Training and testing	Raise awareness of prevention and control	Surawicz et al[49]

C. difficile: Clostridium difficile.