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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. May 28, 2024; 15(3): 92305
Published online May 28, 2024. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i3.92305
Published online May 28, 2024. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i3.92305
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with upper gastrointestinal bleed (n = 142)
| Characteristics | n | % |
| Age in years, mean ± SD (min-max) | 53.0 ± 18.5 | 18-90 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 97 | 68.3 |
| Female | 45 | 31.7 |
| Comorbidity | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 | 25.4 |
| Hypertension | 53 | 37.3 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 38 | 26.8 |
| Asthma | 7 | 4.9 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 14 | 9.9 |
| Presenting symptoms | ||
| Epigastric pain | 107 | 75.4 |
| Bloating | 30 | 21.1 |
| Hematemesis | 117 | 82.4 |
| Melena | 88 | 62.0 |
| Abdominal pain | 19 | 13.4 |
| Weight loss | 12 | 8.5 |
| Location of ulcer | ||
| Stomach | 54 | 38.0 |
| Duodenum | 63 | 44.4 |
| Stomach and duodenum | 25 | 17.6 |
Table 2 Association of risk factors and forest classification with outcome variables
| Variables | Total, n (%) | Hospital stay in days | Mortality in 7 d | Mortality in 30 d | Re-bleed in 24 h | Re-current bleed in 7 d | |||||
| ≤ 5 (n = 104) | > 5 (n = 38) | No (n = 127) | Yes (n = 15) | No (n = 121) | Yes (n = 21) | No (n = 122) | Yes (n = 20) | No (n = 116) | Yes (n = 26) | ||
| Smoking | |||||||||||
| Yes | 31 (21.8) | 24 (77.4) | 7 (22.6) | 29 (93.5) | 2 (6.5) | 29 (93.5) | 2 (6.5) | 27 (87.1) | 4 (12.9) | 26 (83.9) | 5 (16.1) |
| No | 111 (78.2) | 80 (72.1) | 31 (27.9) | 98 (88.3) | 13 (11.7) | 92 (82.9) | 19 (17.1) | 95 (85.6) | 16 (14.4) | 90 (81.1) | 21 (18.9) |
| Steroids | |||||||||||
| Yes | 8 (5.6) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) |
| No | 134 (94.4) | 97 (72.4) | 37 (27.6) | 120 (89.6) | 14 (10.4) | 114 (85.1) | 20 (14.9) | 115 (85.8) | 19 (14.2) | 109 (81.3) | 25 (18.7) |
| H. pylori | |||||||||||
| Yes | 26 (18.3) | 20 (76.9) | 6 (23.1) | 24 (92.3) | 2 (7.7) | 23 (88.5) | 3 (11.5) | 22 (84.6) | 4 (15.4) | 20 (76.9) | 6 (23.1) |
| No | 116 (81.7) | 84 (72.4) | 32 (27.6) | 103 (88.8) | 13 (11.2) | 98 (84.5) | 18 (15.5) | 100 (86.2) | 16 (13.8) | 96 (82.8) | 20 (17.2) |
| Antiplatele | |||||||||||
| Yes | 47 (33.1) | 34 (72.3) | 13 (27.7) | 37 (78.7) | 10 (21.3)b | 36 (76.6) | 11 (23.4)a | 37 (78.7) | 10 (21.3) | 35 (74.5) | 12 (25.5) |
| No | 95 (66.9) | 70 (73.7) | 25 (26.3) | 90 (94.7) | 5 (5.3) | 85 (89.5) | 10 (10.5) | 85 (89.5) | 10 (10.5) | 81 (85.3) | 14 (14.7) |
| Alternative medications | |||||||||||
| Yes | 56 (39.4) | 39 (69.6) | 17 (30.4) | 47 (83.9) | 9 (16.1) | 44 (78.6) | 12 (21.4) | 44 (78.6) | 12 (21.4)a | 43 (76.8) | 13 (23.2) |
| No | 86 (60.6) | 65 (75.6) | 21 (24.4) | 80 (93.0) | 6 (7.0) | 77 (89.5) | 9 (10.5) | 78 (90.7) | 8 (9.3) | 73 (84.9) | 13 (15.1) |
| Forrest classification | |||||||||||
| I | 18 (12.7) | 10 (55.6) | 8 (44.4) | 18 (100.0) | 0 | 17 (94.4) | 1 (5.6) | 13 (72.2) | 5 (27.8) | 11 (61.1) | 7 (38.9)a |
| II | 21 (14.8) | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | 18 (85.7) | 3 (14.3) | 17 (81.0) | 4 (19.0) | 17 (81.0) | 4 (19.0) | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) |
| III | 103 (72.5) | 80 (77.7) | 23 (22.3) | 91 (88.3) | 12 (11.7) | 87 (84.5) | 16 (15.5) | 92 (89.3) | 11 (10.7) | 89 (86.4) | 14 (13.6) |
Table 3 Association of risk factors with Forest classification
| Risk factors | Total | Forrest classification | ||
| I (n = 18) | II (n = 21) | III (n = 103) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 31 (21.8) | 2 (11.1) | 6 (28.6) | 23 (22.3) |
| No | 111 (78.2) | 16 (88.9) | 15 (71.4) | 80 (77.7) |
| Steroids | ||||
| Yes | 8 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 7 (6.8) |
| No | 134 (94.4) | 18 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 96 (93.2) |
| H. pylori | ||||
| Yes | 26 (18.3) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (23.8) | 16 (15.5) |
| No | 116 (81.7) | 13 (72.2) | 16 (76.2) | 87 (84.5) |
| Antiplatelet | ||||
| Yes | 47 (33.1) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (33.3) | 35 (34.0) |
| No | 95 (66.9) | 13 (72.2) | 14 (66.7) | 68 (66.0) |
| Hakeemi medications | ||||
| Yes | 56 (39.4) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (33.3) | 44 (42.7) |
| No | 86 (60.6) | 13 (72.2) | 14 (66.7) | 59 (57.3) |
Table 4 Correlation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with outcome variables and Forrest classification
| Variables | Total | NSAIDs | |
| Yes (n = 113) | No (n = 29) | ||
| Hospital stay (d) | |||
| ≤ 5 | 104 (73.2) | 80 (70.8) | 24 (82.8) |
| > 5 | 38 (26.8) | 33 (29.2) | 5 (17.2) |
| Mortality in 7 d | |||
| No | 127 (89.4) | 100 (88.5) | 27 (93.1) |
| Yes | 15 (10.6) | 13 (11.5) | 2 (6.9) |
| Mortality in 30 d | |||
| No | 121 (85.2) | 95 (84.1) | 26 (89.7) |
| Yes | 21 (14.8) | 18 (15.9) | 3 (10.3) |
| Re-bleed in 24 h | |||
| No | 122 (85.9) | 98 (86.7) | 24 (82.8) |
| Yes | 20 (14.1) | 15 (13.3) | 5 (17.2) |
| Re-current bleed in 7 d | |||
| No | 116 (81.7) | 93 (82.3) | 23 (79.3) |
| Yes | 26 (18.3) | 20 (17.7) | 6 (20.7) |
| Forrest classification | |||
| I | 18 (12.7) | 10 (8.8) | 8 (27.6)a |
| II | 21 (14.8) | 17 (15.0) | 4 (13.8) |
| III | 103 (72.5) | 86 (76.1) | 17 (58.6) |
Table 5 Association of re-bleed with mortality
| Variables | Total | Mortality in 7 d | Mortality in 30 d | ||
| No (n = 127) | Yes (n = 15) | No (n = 121) | Yes (n = 21) | ||
| Re-bleed in 24 h | |||||
| No | 122 (85.9) | 117 (95.9) | 5 (4.1)a | 113 (92.6) | 9 (7.4)a |
| Yes | 20 (14.1) | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) |
| Re-current bleed in 7 d | |||||
| No | 116 (81.7) | 112 (96.6) | 4 (3.4)a | 111 (95.7) | 5 (4.3)a |
| Yes | 26 (18.3) | 15 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) | 10 (38.5) | 16 (61.5) |
Table 6 Causes of mortality
| Cause | n | % |
| Re-bleed in 24 h | 10 | 47.6 |
| Re-current bleed in 7 d | 1 | 4.76 |
| Septic shock | 3 | 14.2 |
| Cardiac event | 2 | 9.52 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1 | 4.76 |
| Others | 4 | 19.04 |
- Citation: Butt N, Usmani MT, Mehak N, Mughal S, Qazi-Arisar FA, Mohiuddin G, Khan G. Risk factors and outcomes of peptic ulcer bleed in a Pakistani population: A single-center observational study. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2024; 15(3): 92305
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v15/i3/92305.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i3.92305