Resting energy expenditure in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Predictive formulas for calculating energy expenditure[8]

Ref.	Age range	Gender	Equation
Harris and Benedict[21]	Non-specifed	Male	66.437 + [5.0033 × H (cm)] + [13.7516 × W (kg)] – [6.755 × Y (yr)]
	Non-specifed	Female	655.0955 + [1.8496 × H (cm)] + [9.5634 × W (kg)] – [4.6756 × Y (yr)]
Schofield[22] in kcal/day	10-17	Male	[0.074 × W (kg) + 2.754] × 239
		Female	[0.056 × W (kg) + 2.898] × 239
	18-29	Male	[0.063 × W (kg) + 2.896] × 239
		Female	[0.062 × W (kg) + 2.036] × 239
	30-59	Male	[0.048 × W (kg) + 3.653] × 239
		Female	[0.034 × W (kg) + 3.538] × 239
	From 60 yr	Male	[0.049 × W (kg) + 2.459] × 239
		Female	[0.038 × W (kg) + 2.755] × 239
WHO[23] in kcal/day	10-17	Male	17.5 × W + 651
		Female	12.2 × W + 746
	18-29	Male	15.3 × W + 679
		Female	14.7 × W + 496
	30-59	Male	11.6 × W + 879
		Female	8.7 × W + 829
	From 60 yr	Male	13.5 × W + 487
		Female	10.5 × W + 596
Mifflin et al[24] in kcal/day	19-78	Male	10 × W (kg) + 6.25 × H (cm) – 5 × Y (yr) + 5
	19-78	Female	10 × W (kg) + 6.25 × H (cm) – 5 × Y(yr) – 161
FAO/WHO[17]	10-17	Male	(16.6 × W) + [77 × H(m)] + 572
		Female	(7.4 × W) + [482 × H (m)] + 217
	18-30	Male	(15.4 × W) – [27 × H (m)] + 717
		Female	(13.3 × W) + [334 × H (m)] + 35
	31-60	Male	(11.3 × W) + [16 × H (m)] + 901
		Female	(8.7 × W) – [25 × H (m)] + 865
	From 60 yr	Male	(8.8 × W) + [1128 × H (m)] – 1071
		Female	(9.2 × W) + [637 × H (m)] – 302
IOM[25]	Non-specifed	Male	293 – (3.8 × age) + (401.5 × height) + (8.6 × weight)
	Non-specifed	Female	247 – (2.67 × age) + (456.4 × height) + (10.12 × weight)
Cunningham[26]	Non-specifed	Male, Female	500 kcal + (lean mass in kg × 22)
McArdle et al[27]	Non-specifed	Male, Female	(lean mass in kg × 21.6) + 370

W: Weight; H: Height; Y: Years.

Table 2 Sample characterization - cirrhotics with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 118)

Variables	HCC (n = 33)	Without HCC (n = 85)	1P value
	mean ± SD	mean ± SD
Age (yr)	62.8 ± 8.1	56.7 ± 9.4	0.001
Male gender	26 (78.8%)	37 (43.5%)	0.0012
Weight (kg)	73.9 ± 12.9	78.2 ± 17.2	0.206
Height (m)	1.65 ± 0.09	1.65 ± 0.09	0.810
BMI (kg/m2)	27.0 ± 4.0	28.7 ± 5.7	0.115
Lean mass (kg)	51.3 ± 10.6	53.4 ± 12.3	0.396
Child Pugh			0.2242
A	13 (39.4%)	32 (37.6%)
B	17 (51.5%)	34 (40.0%)
C	3 (9.1%)	19 (22.4%)
BCLC			-
0	4 (12.1%)	-
A	12 (36.4%)	-
B	10 (30.3%)	-
C	4 (12.1%)	-
D	3 (9.1%)	-

¹Student t-test for independent samples; ²Pearson's chi-square test. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; SD: Standard deviation; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group.

Table 3 Energy expenditure at rest by indirect calorimetry in cirrhotics with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 118)

Variables	HCC (n = 33)		Without HCC (n = 85)		1P value
	mean ± SD	IC 95%	mean ± SD	IC 95%
Calorimetry	1643 ± 364	1514–1772	1526 ± 277	1466–1586	0.064

¹Student t-test for independent samples. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; SD: Standard deviation; IC: Indirect calorimetry.

Table 4 Resting energy expenditure by electrical bioimpedance in cirrhotics with and without hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with indirect calorimetry (n = 118)

Variables	HCC (n = 33)		Without HCC (n = 85)
	mean ± SD	IC 95%	mean ± SD	IC 95%	1P value
BIA	1529 ± 501	1352–1707	1660 ± 385	1577–1743	0.133
Calorimetry	1643 ± 364	1606–1907	1526 ± 277	1356-1623	0.064
P value	0.136		0.001

¹Student t-test for independent samples. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BIA: Electrical bioimpedance; SD: Standard deviation; IC: Indirect calorimetry.

Table 5 Resting energy expenditure calculated using predictive formulas in cirrhotics with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 118)

Variables	HCC (n = 33)		Without HCC (n = 85)		1P value
	mean ± SD	IC 95%	mean ± SD	IC 95%
Harris and Benedict[20] formula	1466 ± 224	1387–1546	2138 ± 499	2030-2246	< 0.001
Schofield[22] formula	1489 ± 203	1417–1561	1539 ± 218	1491-1586	0.265
WHO[23] formula	1518 ± 208	1444–1592	1536 ± 282	1475-1597	0.744
Mifflin et al[24]	1433 ± 196	1363–1503	1439 ± 212	1393-1485	0.883
FAO/WHO formula[17]	1522 ± 208	1449–1596	1566 ± 223	1518-1614	0.333
IOM[25] formula	1402 ± 168	1342–1462	1544 ± 242	1491-1596	0.001
Cunningham[26] formula	1629 ± 233	1546–1712	1674 ± 271	1616-1733	0.396
McArdle et al[27] formula, 1996	1478 ± 229	1397–1559	1523 ± 266	1466-1581	0.396

¹Student t-test for independent samples. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 6 Differences between resting energy expenditure calculated using predictive formulas in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with indirect calorimetry (n = 118)

	Mean difference	IC 95%	1P value
Calorimetry X Harris Benedict formula[21]	177	59.8 a 293	0.004
Calorimetry X Schofield formula[22]	154	36.9 a 270	0.011
Calorimetry X WHO formula[23]	125	9.1 a 240	0.035
Calorimetry X Mifflin et al[24] formula	210	98.5 a 321	0.001
Calorimetry X FAO/WHO formula[17]	120	-2.3 a 243	0.054
Calorimetry x IOM formula[25]	241	116 a 366	< 0.001
Calorimetry x Cunningham formula[26]	14	-101 a 129	0.806
Calorimetry x McArdle et al[27] formula	165	49.5 a 279	0.006

¹Student t-test for paired samples.

Table 7 Differences between resting energy expenditure calculated using predictive formulas in cirrhotics without hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with indirect calorimetry (n = 118)

	Mean difference	IC 95%	1P value
Calorimetry X Harris Benedict formula[21]	-611	-691 a -531	< 0.001
Calorimetry X Schofield formula[22]	-12.3	-67.2 a 42.6	0.658
Calorimetry X WHO formula[23]	-9.5	-73.1 a 54.2	0.768
Calorimetry X Mifflin-St Jeo formula[24]	87.2	49.5 a 125	< 0.001
Calorimetry X FAO/WHO formula[17]	-39.8	-93.2 a 13.6	0.142
Calorimetry x IOM formula[25]	-17.5	-41.5 a 6.6	0.153
Calorimetry x Cunningham formula[26]	-148	-172 a -123	< 0.001
Calorimetry x McArdle et al[27] formula	3.2	-20.9 a 27.3	0.792

¹Student t-test for paired samples.