Opioid use and misuse in ulcerative colitis

Table 1 Patient characteristics n (%)

	FGID patients (n = 39)	Non-FGID patients (n = 458)	Total (n = 497)
Mean age (yr)	51.2	53.0	52.9
Sex (Female)	29 (74.4)	220 (48.0)	249 (50.1)
Disability/Medicaid status	4 (10.3)	14 (3.1)	18 (3.6)
Tobacco use	7 (17.9)	36 (7.9)	43 (8.7)
Alcohol use	12 (30.8)	185 (40.4)	197 (39.6)
History of depression	9 (23.1)	59 (12.9)	68 (13.7)
History of anxiety	9 (23.1)	13 (2.8)	22 (4.4)
Disease extent
Proctitis	6 (15.4)	39 (8.5)	45 (9.1)
Left sided	12(30.8)	153 (33.4)	165 (33.2)
Extensive	20 (51.3)	227 (49.6)	247 (49.7)
Average disease duration (yr)	8.2	7.5	7.6

Among the patient characteristics analyzed, only female sex was associated with functional gastrointestinal disease (FGID) in comparison to the non-FGID cohort. FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disease.

Table 2 Predictors of chronic narcotic use in patients with ulcerative colitis

Variables	Odds ratio estimates (Point estimates with 95% Wald confidence limits)	P value
FGID	4.50 (1.91-10.59)	< 0.001
Female sex	0.76 (0.41-1.42)	0.390
Tobacco use	2.53 (1.06-6.08)	0.038
Alcohol use	0.53 (0.27-1.04)	0.065
Anxiety	3.17 (1.08-9.26)	0.035
Depression	1.36 (0.59-3.11)	0.468
Disability/Medicaid insurance status	1.77 (0.49-6.38)	0.382

Among the risk factors included in the multivariate analysis, only functional gastrointestinal disease, tobacco use, and anxiety increased the risk for chronic narcotic use in ulcerative colitis. FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disease.