Role of Toll-like receptors in Helicobacter pylori infection and immunity

Table 1 Toll-like receptor involvement in the response to Helicobacter pylori infection in different cell types

Cell type	Cell type	TLR involvement	Readout of TLR activation	Ref.
Epithelial	MKN45	TLR2	NF-κB-dependent reporter gene activity	Smith et al[19]
	HEK-TLR2	TLR5
	HEK-TLR5
	HEK-TLR2	TLR2	MIP-3α mRNA expression	Smith et al[19]
			IL-8 and
			GROα mRNA expression
	HEK-TLR2	TLR2	IL-8 production	Mandell et al[11]
	HEK-TLR2	TLR2	mRNA expression of multiple genes	Ding et al[20]
	AGS
	MKN45
	HEK-TLR2	TLR2	IL-8 mRNA expression	Smith et al[7]
Monocytes and macrophages	Mouse peritoneal macrophages	TLR4	NF-κB activation by electro mobility shift assay	Maeda et al[57]
			TNFα production
	Mouse peritoneal macrophages	TLR2-, TLR4- and MyD88-independent	IL-6 mRNA expression	Gobert et al[66]
	Mouse BMDMs	TLR2	IL-6 production	Mandell et al[11]
	Mouse BMDMs	TLR2	IL-6 and IL-1β production	Obonyo et al[67]
		TLR4	IL-10 and IL-12 production
	Mouse BMDMs	MyD88	IL-6 and IL-12 production	Rad et al[69]
Dendritic cells	Mouse BMDCs	MyD88	MHC II and co-stimulatory molecule induction	Rad et al[69]
			IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα production
			mRNA expression of multiple genes
	Mouse BMDCs	TLR2	mRNA expression of multiple genes	Rad et al[18]
		TLR4
		TLR9	IL-6 and IL-12 production
	Mouse BMDCs	TLR2	IL-1β production	Kim et al[70]
	Mouse BMDCs	TLR2	IL-12, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-23 production	Sun et al[73]
B cells	Mouse B cells	MyD88	IL-6 and IL-12 production	Rad et al[69]
	Mouse B cells	MyD88	IL-10, IL-6 and TNFα production	Sayi et al[21]
		TLR2	CD80 and CD86 expression
			Secretion of antibodies

TLR: Toll-like receptor.

Table 2 Toll-like receptors involved in the response to distinct Helicobacter pylori components

H. pylori component	TLR	Ref.
LPS	TLR4	Kawahara et al[79]
		Su et al[80]
		Ishihara et al[58]
		Mandell et al[11]
		Chochi et al[60]
		Cullen et al[28]
	TLR2	Smith et al[19]
		Lepper et al[63]
		Yokota et al[12]
		Triantafilou et al[37]
		Smith et al[7]
Flagellin	TLR5	Smith et al[19]
	TLR5 evasion	Lee et al[84]
		Gewirtz et al[83]
HSP60	TLR2	Takenaka et al[59]
		Zhao et al[85]
	TLR2-independent	Gobert et al[66]
HP0175	TLR4	Basak et al[87]
		Pathak et al[65]
		Basu et al[86]
NAP	TLR2	Amedei et al[6]
H. pylori DNA	TLR9	Rad et al[18]
H. pylori RNA	TLR7/TLR8	Rad et al[18]

TLR: Toll-like receptor; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.