Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 1 Sites of bioelectric neuromodulation to improve gastro-intestinal symptoms. In animal research and experimental clinical settings, neuromodulation has been used to treat a ramification of gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses at numerous sites on neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the neuromodulation techniques such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, sympathetic stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, and gastric electrical stimulation are mentioned in the figure above that relieve the symptoms related to inflammatory bowel disease. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Figure 2 Gastrointestinal tract’s extrinsic innervation.

Figure 3 Vagus nerve stimulation. A: Direct vagus nerve stimulation; B and C: Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation; transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) (B); transcutaneous auricular VNS (C).