Clinical-radiological-pathological correlation of cavernous sinus hemangioma: Incremental value of diffusion-weighted imaging

Table 1 Signal intensities and other features on conventional and special magnetic resonance imaging sequences

Case No.	T1W	T2W	T2 FLAIR	Post-contrast	Flow voids	Extension beyond cavernous sinus	Vessel encasement	DWI	Blooming on GRE
1	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	Yes	Moderate	Yes	Hypointense	No
2	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Moderate	Yes	Hypointense	No
3	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Moderate	Yes	Hypointense	No
4	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Extensive	Yes	Not done	No
5	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Extensive	Displaced only	Hypointense	Not done
6	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Nil	Displaced only	Not done	Not done
7	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	Yes	Mild	Yes	Hypointense	No
8	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	Centripetal filling	Moderate	Yes	Hypointense	-
9	Iso intense	Mildly hyper	Not done	Intense enhancement	No	Moderate	Yes	Hypointense	Not done
10	Hypo	Hyper	Not done	Intense enhancement	No	Mild	Yes	Not done	Not done
11	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Not available	No	Moderate	No	Not done	Not done
12	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	Vascular supply from left ICA	Extensive	Yes	Hypointense	No
13	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Mild	Yes	Hypointense	No
14	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	No	Extensive	Yes	Hypointense	Not done
15	Hypo	Hyper	Hyper	Intense enhancement	Yes	Extensive	Yes	Not done	Not done

T1-W: T1 weighted image; T2-W: T2 weighted image; FLAIR: Fluid attenuated inversion recovery; DWI: Diffusion-weighted imaging; GRE: Gradient recalled echo.

Table 2 Mean apparent diffusion coefficient values in 5 patients

Case number	mean ADC (10-3 cm2/s)
Case 1	1.98 ± 0.227
Case 2	1.67 ± 0.19
Case 3	1.184 ± 0.127
Case 7	2.774 ± 0.299
Case 9	1.54 ± 0.287
Mean	1.8296 ± 0.2038

ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient.

Table 3 Demography, clinical features, treatment and follow up

Case number	1a	2a	3a	4a	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Age	51	26	38	47	52	63	26	33	59	51	50	34	38	33	13
Sex	F	M	F	F	F	F	F	F	M	M	F	F	F	F	M
Location	Right	Right	Left	Right	Left	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Left	Left	Left
Headache	1 yr	2 yr	Yes	4 yr	Yes	No	Yes	3 mo	Yes	Yes	Not available	No	No	6 mo	4 mo
Visual symptoms	Yes	12 mo	Blurring	6 mo	Nil	Nil	Blurring	Nil	6 mo	Nil	Not available	Nil	2 mo	6 mo	Nil
Cranial nerve involvementb	3rd, 4th, 6th	6th	No	3rd	No	3rd, 4th, 6th	No	No	No	6th	Not available	Numbness face	No	No	3rd, 6th
Operative details	Sub total	Sub total	Biopsy	Sub total	No surgery	Sub total	Biopsy	Sub total	No surgery	Complete excision	Sub total	Sub total	Sub total	Sub total	Complete excision
Follow up	No symptoms	No symptoms	No symptoms	No symptoms	No symptoms	Not available	No symptoms	No symptoms	Not available	No symptoms	Not available	No symptoms	No symptoms	No symptoms	No symptoms

^aReceived radiotherapy: Case no 1: 45 Gy in 25 fractions; case no 2: 25 Gy in 5 fractions; case 3: Stereotactic radiosurgery - 13 Gy in single fraction; case 4: Received adjuvant radiotherapy;

^bCranial nerves 3 (oculomotor), 4 (trochlear), and 6 (abducens). F: Female; M: Male.