Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Radiol. Mar 28, 2017; 9(3): 112-125
Published online Mar 28, 2017. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112
Published online Mar 28, 2017. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112
Table 1 Summary of polymer gel dosimeter
Dosimeter name | Type | Base | Monomer | Crosslinker | Catalyzer/stabilizer | Scavenger/antioxidant | Key investigator | Country | Ref. |
BANANA | PAG | Agarose | Acrylamide | BIS | Nitrous oxide | Maryanski | United States | [58] | |
BANG | PAG | Gelatin | Acrylamide | BIS | Ammonium-persulphate, TEMED | Maryanski | United States | [59,60] | |
BANG-2 | PAG | Gelatin | MAA | BIS | Sodium Hydroxide | AA | Maryanski | United States | [42] |
BANG-3 | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | CuSO4-5H2O | AA | Maryanski | United States | [61] | |
MAGIC | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | CuSO4-5H2O, Hydroquinone | AA | Gore | United States | [5] | |
MAGAT | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | THPC | Baldock | Australia | [62] | ||
nPAG | PAG | Gelatin | Acrylamide | BIS | THPS | De Deene | Belgium | [63] | |
nMAG | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | THPS | De Deene | Belgium | [63] | ||
nMAG | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | THP | Ceberg | Sweden | [64] | ||
MAGIC-f | MAG | Gelatin | MAA | Formaldehyde | CuSO4-5H2O | AA | Baffa | Brazil | [65] |
HEA | Gelatin | HEA | BIS | Baldock | Australia | [66] | |||
VIPAR | Gelatin | VIPAR | BIS | Pappas | Greece | [67] | |||
NIPAM | Gelatin | NIPAM | BIS | THPC | Schreiner | Canada | [68] | ||
Genipin gel | MAG | Gelatin | MAA, genipin | Sulfuric acid | Jordan | Canada | [69] | ||
LCV micelle radiochromic gel | Gelatin | LCV, surfactant-Triton, TCAA | Formaldehyde | Jordan | Canada | [70] | |||
PAG | PAG | Gelatin | Acrylamide | BIS | NaI | THPC | Elleaume | France | [71] |
nMAG | nMAG | Agarose, Gelatin | MAA | THPC | Yoshioka | Japan | [72] | ||
nMAG | nMAG | Gelatin | HEMA, TGMEMA, 9G | THPC | Hiroki | Japan | [73] | ||
Radiochromic gel | RGD | Gelatin | SDS, Chloroform, TCAA | LMG dye | De Deene | Australia | [10] |
Table 2 Summary of ferrous gel dosimeter
Dosimeter | Type | Base | Monomer | Key investigator | Country | Ref. |
Fricke | Fluid | None | Ammonium ferrous sulfate | Gore | United States | [11] |
FeMRI | FGD | Agarose | Seaplaque, seagel | Olsson | Sweden | [74] |
PVA-FX | FGD | Hydrogel | PVA, FBX | Chu | Canada | [75] |
FAX | FGD | Agarose | XO, ferrous | Leong | Malaysia | [76] |
FX | FGD | Gelatin | Ferrous ammonium sulfate, XO, sulfuric acid | Jordan | Canada | [70] |
PVA cryogel | FGD | Hydrogel | FBX, PVA, dimethyl sulfoxide | Eyadeh | Canada | [77] |
XO-PVA | FGD | Hydrogel | PVA, XO, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid | Trapp | Australia | [78] |
NC-FG | FGD | Gelatin | Nano-clay, ammonium iron (II) sulfate, Perchloric acid | Maeyama | Japan | [41] |
Table 3 Summary of solid plastic dosimeter
Dosimeter | Type | A | B | Initiator | Dye | Key investigator | Country | Ref. |
SPD | SPD | Diacetylene | Ethyl trichloroacetate, heptachloropropane, etc. | Radiochromic (fuschin cyanide, etc.) | Leuco crystal violet, or LMG | Patel | United States | [79] |
PRESAGE | SPD | Polyol_A, diasocyanate | Polyol_B | Carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, tetra-chloroethane, Chloroform | LMG | Adamovics | United States | [6] |
PRESAGE | SPD | Crystal clear A | Crystal clear B | Carbon tetrachloride | LMG | Hashemi | Iran | [80] |
PRESAGE | SPD | Crystal clear A | Crystal clear B | Chloroform, bromoform, or iodoform | LMG | Geso | Australia | [81] |
PRESAGE | SPD | Crystal clear A | Crystal clear B | Bromoform | LMG | Watanabe | United States | [14] |
Table 4 Water equivalency of three-dimensional dosimeters
Dosimeter | Type | Relative effective atomic number | Relative mass density | Relative electron density |
PAGAT | PGD | 1.0131 | 1.0264 | 0.9284 |
MAGAT | PGD | 1.0141, 0.9843 | 1.0323 | 0.9933 |
nMAG | PGD | 1.0181 | ||
MAGIC | PGD | 1.0181, 0.9873 | 1.0373 | 0.9903 |
Genipin gel | PGD | 1.0142 | 1.0012 | 0.99822 |
PRESAGE-A | SPD | 1.0372 | 1.0542 | 0.9772 |
Water | 1.00 (Zeff = 7.42) | 1.000 | 1.0 (3.343 × 1023 Electrons/g) |
Table 5 Comparison of dose quantification techniques
Method | Pros | Cons |
MRI | Commonly available at a hospital Easily accessible scan protocol Known accuracy and precision Linear dose response | Low SNR Image artifacts Limited spatial resolution Long scan time |
OCT | High spatial resolution Small physical size or compact Easy and free access if owned | Optical artifacts Needs refractive index matching |
XCT | Easy access at hospital High SNR Very fast scan | Low image contrast |
Table 6 Precision (or uncertainty) of three-dimensional dosimetry[22]
Uncertainty type | Source | Factor | PGD | FGD | SPD |
A | Physicochemical | Chemical composition | < 2% | < 2% | |
Temperature variation | |||||
Temporal and spatial integrity | |||||
Irradiation | Dose rate | ||||
Energy | |||||
Temperature | 2% | ||||
Phantom position setup | 1 mm | ||||
MRI | Image noise | < 0.4% (3 mm3) | |||
OCT | Image noise | ||||
XCT | The standard deviation of CT number | 2% to 8% | |||
B | MRI | B0 non-uniformity | < 3% | ||
B1 non-uniformity | |||||
Gradient non-uniformity | |||||
Temperature during scanning | |||||
Medium | Non-uniform refractive index | ||||
OCT | Refractive index matching | ||||
Unstable light source | |||||
Ambient stray light | |||||
Desynchronization between galvanic mirror and detector | |||||
Misalignment of light, subject, and detector | |||||
XCT | Image processing | 5% | |||
Calibration equation |
Table 7 IMRT/VMAT/tomotherapy three-dimensional dosimetry
Ref. | Dosimeter | Read-out method | Treatment site | Delivery type | Photon energy/number of fields | Comparison on the plane or in volume | Gamma index criteria % dose difference (global/local)/DTA (mm)/threshold (%) | Gamma index passing rate |
[86] | MAGIC | MRI/T2 | Model | IMRT/GKSRS | 6MV/Co-60 | Volume | 3/3/ | 50.3% |
[87] | FX gel | OCT/Vista | Head and Neck | IMRT | 6MV | Volume | 3/3/none | 84.1% |
[88] | BANG3 | MRI/T2 | Prostate | Tomotherapy | 6MV/Arc | Volume | 3/3 | 53% |
[89] | PRESAGE | DLOS | Brain | IMRT | 6MV | Volume | 3/3 | 95% |
[90] | MAGIC-f | MRI/T2 | Prostate | Tomotherapy | 6MV/Arc | Plane | 3/3 | 88.4% |
[91] | nPAG | OCTOPUS-IQ | Prostate | IMRT | /7fields | Volume | 95.3% | |
[10] | PAGAT | MRI/T2 | Pituitary | IMRT | 6MV/7fields | Volume | 2/2 | 99.4% |
[33] | BANG3 | MRI/T2 | Prostate | VMAT (Elekta) | 6MV/Arc | Volume | 3 (global)/3/25 | 95.7% |
[92] | BANG3 | MRI/T2 | Prostate | VMAT (Varian) | 6MV/Arc | Volume | 3 (global)/3/50 | 90.0% |
[93] | PRESAGE | DMOS | Brain | IMRT | 6MV/5fields | Volume | 3 (global)/3/10 | 99.4% |
[94] | NIPAM | MRI/T2 | Eye | IMRT | 6MV/5fields | Plane | 3/3/ | 98.5% |
- Citation: Watanabe Y, Warmington L, Gopishankar N. Three-dimensional radiation dosimetry using polymer gel and solid radiochromic polymer: From basics to clinical applications. World J Radiol 2017; 9(3): 112-125
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v9/i3/112.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112