From histology to micro-CT: Measuring and modeling resorption cavities and their relation to bone competence

Table 1 Normal values for specific eroded surface, erosion depthand wall thickness as reported in literature for healthy patients

Sex	Parameter	Change with age	Mean age	Values
F	ES/BS (%)	↓2↑	10-30	2.15 (0.36)[43] 3.23 (2.6-4.02)[22]
			30-60	3.43 (2.68-4.4)[22] 1.85 (0.82-4.21)[27] 1.78“[43]
			60-90 (post-meno)	4.59 (3.72-5.66)[22] 4.2 (1.7)[24] 7.11 (2.9-16.9)[56] 4.0 (2.0)[57] 1.66 (0.66)[43]
			All ages	6.2 (2.9)[21]
	E.De (μm)	2↓	10-30	56.8 (50.2-63.4)[22]
			30-60	63.4 (57.5-69.3)[22] 33.7 (24.4-46.6)[27]
			60-90 (post-meno)	50.8 (46.9-54.7)[22] 27.21 (2.27)[24] 49.11 (38.3-61.7)[56] 49.4 (12.1)[32]
	W.Th (μm)	↓	10-30	62.0 (8)[29]
			30-60	49.0 (9.1)[48] 37.2 (3.8)[51] 38.1 (28.6-68.8)[53] 56.2 (7.1)[50] 50.4 (7.4)[29]
			60-90 (post-meno)	48.81 [37.8-62.2][56] 33.9 (4.7)[51] 32.2 (23.2-39.3)[53] 39.5 (2.0)[32] 32.1 (4.13)[57] 44.3 (4.9)[50] 40.2 (4.6)[29]
			All ages	31-43.9[13] 49.0 (2.5)[21]
M and F	ES/BS(%)	↓2	10-30	16.3 (11.6-18.1)[102] 16.6 (5.6)[23]
			30-60	4.03 (1.42)[11]
			All ages	1.35 (0.39)[31] 1.94 (0.76-4.93)[103]
	E.De (μm)	2↓	30-60	62.6[11]
			All ages	28.9 (23.4-39.3)[31] 34.2 (22.8-51.3)[103]
	W.Th (μm)	↓	10-30	44.2 (5.7)[102] 41.4 (5.7)[23]
			30-60	61.9 (6.8)[11]
			60-90	59.4[13]
			All ages	51.6 (35.8-74.4)[103]
M	ES/BS(%)	↓2↑	10-30	3.32 (2.34-4.7)[22] 6.3 (0.6)[49] 2.84 (1.27)[43]
			30-60	3.55 (2.55-4.95)[22] 3.7 (0.9)[24] 1.81 (0.72-4.56)[27] 6.62[51] 1.722[43]
			60-90	3.99 (3.11-5.13)[22] 3.7 (0.6)[24] 6.4+[49] 1.91 (0.42)[43]
	E.De (μm)	2↓	10-30	66.1 (57.1-75.1)[22]
			30-60	64.1 (48.0-60.2)[22] 33.0 (3.16)[24] 35.6 (23.2-54.7)[27]
			60-90	46.3 (44.3-48.3)[22] 28.94 (1.78)[24]
	W.Th (μm)	↓	10-30	62.0 (8.1)[29] 32.8 (2.6)[49]
			30-60	50.2 (8.7)[48] 53 (8.6)[50] 49.2 (4.6)[29] 35.02[49]
			60-90	48.5 (8.6)[50] 43.8 (2.8)[29] 32.82[49]
			All ages	40.6[13]

¹Median;

²Indicates recalculation to age groups. Data ordered by sex [Female (F), Female and male (FM), Male (M)] and age groups (10-30 year, 30-60 year, 60-90 year or all ages mixed). Values presented as mean ± SD, mean [95% confidence interval (CI)], mean [10^th-90^th percentile], mean [Q 1^st -3^rd quartile], Also indicated is whether the parameters increase (↑), decrease (↓) with age or stay constant (b). ES/BS: Eroded surface; E.De: Erosion depth; W.Th: Wall thickness.

Table 2 Change of eroded surface, erosion depth and wall thickness in common bone diseases (postmenopausal osteoporosis, male idiopathic osteoporosis, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis) as reported in literature

Disease	Parameter	Change	Values1 1Significantly lower than control 2Significantly higher than control
PmOP	W.Th (μm)	↓	40.74a (31.6-54.3)1[56] 36.2 (6.4)1[21] 28.3 (20.1-34.8)1[53] 35.3 (2.0)1[32] 28.0 (4.44)1[57] 29.3 (1.4)[73] 31.2 (0.4)-32.1 (0.5)[64] 41.8 (4.25)-49.0 (8.93)[67]
	ES/BS (%)	b↓	5.3a (1.7-18.1)[56] 6.0 (3.0)[21] 4.8 (2.7)[57] 1.67 (0.48)[73] 4.9 (2.9)[71] 1.89 (0.12)-3.41 (0.5)[64] 4.49 (1.6) - 6.55 (1.62)[65] 2.18 (1.24)[61] 2.42 (Q 1.31-2.93)[72] 4.7 (Q 3.3-5.7)-5.2 (Q 3.2-6.9)[67]
	E.De (μm)	b	55a (37.3-82)[56] 48.5 (43.8-53.2)[8] 50.0 (13.4)[32] 22 (5)[71] 13.5 (0.43)-15.8 (0.91)[64]
	EV/BV (%)		0.46 (0.04)-1.21 (0.29)[64]
MIOP	ES/BS (%)	↑	9.7 (1.7)[55] 7.5 (1.3-17.7)[58]
	E.De (μm)	b	44.7 (9.3)[58]
	W.Th (μm)	b↓	35.3 (7.5)1[58]
GC induced OP	EV/BV (%)		0.44 (0.1)[60]
	ES/BS (%)	b↑	2.3 (0.4)[60] 4.06 (2.45)[61]
	E.De (μm)	↑	15.0 (1.3)[60]
	W.Th (μm)	↓	30.6 (0.8)[60]

Significant difference vs control indicated (¹Significantly lower than control;

²Significantly higher than control);

^aMedian; Values presented as mean ± SD, mean (95%CI), mean [10^th-90^th percentile], mean [Q 1^st-3^rd quartile];

^bAlso indicated in table is whether the parameters increase (↑), decrease (↓) due to the disease or stay constant. When more then one value is reported for the same reference, it concerns measurements at different time points. ES/BS: Eroded surface; E.De: Erosion depth; W.Th: Wall thickness; PmOP: Postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Table 3 Change of eroded surface, erosion depth and wall thickness with treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis as reported in literature

Treatment for PmOP	Parameter	Change	Values11Significantly lower then no treatment2Significantly higher then no treatment
Bisphosphonates (oral/IV ibandronate, alendronate, risendronate)	EV/BV (%)	b	0.40 (0.1)-0.50 (0.1)[60]
	ES/BS (%)	b	2.2 (0.4)-2.6 (0.5)[60]
			5.3 (2.75)[67]
			1.29 (90%CI: 1.04-1.95)-1.62 (90%CI: 1.32-1.88)[66]
	E.De (μm)	b	13.4 (1.0)-16.2 (1.0)[60]
			45.6 (9.45)[67]
	W.Th (μm)	b	30.0 (1.0)-31.4 (1.0)[60]
			41.6 (4.86)[67]
Strontium ranelate	ES/BS (%)	b	2.92 (1.48-3.89)[52]
Strontium ranelate 6 m	ES/BS (%)	↓	1.21 (0.21)1[74]
hPTH (1-34)	ES/BS (%)	↑	0.78 (0.11)[74]
(teriparatide)			10.1 (4.9)2-11.8 (7.1)2[71]
			3.51 (Q 2.67-5.64)-4.0 (Q 2.8-6.0)[72]
	W.Th (μm)	b	22 (5)-28 (7)[71]
PTH (1-84)	ES/BS (%)	↑b	1.75 (0.35)[73]
	W.Th (μm)	b	33.1 (1.4)[73]

Significant difference vs control (no treatment) indicated (¹Significantly lower than control;

²Significantly higher than control). Values as mean ± SD, mean (95%CI), mean [10^th-90^th percentile], mean[Q 1^st-3^rd quartile];

^bAlso indicated in table is whether the parameters increase (↑), decrease (↓) due to the treatment or stay constant. When more than one value is reported for the same reference, it concerns measurements at different time points or different doses. ES/BS: Eroded surface; E.De: Erosion depth; W.Th: Wall thickness; PmOP: Postmenopausal osteoporosis.