Normative vertebral deformity measurements in a clinically relevant population using magnetic resonance imaging

Table 1 Vertebral deformity formulas

	Cervical vertebrae	Thoracic vertebrae	Lumbar vertebrae
Wedge	1 - Hp/Ha	Hp/Ha - 1	1 - Hp/Ha
Biconcavity	Ha/Hm - 1	Hp/Hm - 1	Ha/Hm - 1
Crush	([H]above + [H]below)/2[H] - 1	([H]above + [H]below)/2[H] - 1	([H]above + [H]below)/2[H] - 1

[H]: (H_a + H_m + H_p)/3; H_a: Anterior height; H_m: Middle height; H_p: Posterior height.

Table 2 Reference spinal deformities of individual cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae in women (n = 1638)

Vertebra	Wedge	Crush	Biconcavity	Ha/Hp	Hm/Hp
C3	-1.66	-4.12	15.61	0.98	0.86
C4	-1.54	0.26	15.31	0.98	0.87
C5	-7.21	1.85	7.32	0.93	0.87
C6	-4.17	7.19	7.62	0.96	0.90
C7	-0.36	2.92	12.27	1.00	0.90
Total cervical, mean ± SD	-2.99 ± 2.45	1.62 ± 3.68	11.43 ± 3.83	0.97 ± 0.02	0.88 ± 0.02
T1	4.38	2.91	10.19	0.96	0.91
T2	1.85	-1.87	10.17	0.98	0.91
T3	4.50	-1.61	11.68	0.96	0.89
T4	8.43	-0.36	12.22	0.93	0.89
T5	10.06	-0.17	12.45	0.91	0.88
T6	13.94	0.70	16.08	0.88	0.86
T7	11.60	0.29	15.41	0.90	0.87
T8	12.01	-0.028	14.35	0.90	0.88
T9	9.84	1.20	14.4	0.93	0.88
T10	6.95	-0.05	14.47	0.94	0.88
T11	10.13	0.07	14.64	0.91	0.87
T12	7.17	-0.84	12.46	0.93	0.89
Total thoracic, mean ± SD	8.40 ± 3.41	-0.52 ± 1.07	13.38 ± 1.89	0.93 ± 0.03	0.88 ± 0.01
L1	-5.22	-1.44	7.09	0.95	0.89
L2	-1.84	-1.02	10.94	0.98	0.89
L3	2.30	-1.21	13.84	1.02	0.90
L4	6.64	-1.94	14.71	1.07	0.94
L5	16.16	3.54	19.93	1.16	0.97
Total lumbar, mean ± SD	3.61 ± 7.43	-0.41 ± 2.00	13.3 ± 4.25	1.04 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.03

H_a: Anterior height; H_m: Middle height; H_p: Posterior height.

Table 3 Deformity values of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebral regions correlated with age, P value

	Wedge	Crush	Biconcavity	Ha/Hp	Hm/Hp
Cervical	0.41	0.29	0.88	0.41	0.87
Thoracic	0.03	0.18	0.001	0.002	0.001
Lumbar	0.61	0.85	0.33	0.61	0.04

H_a: Anterior height; H_m: Middle height; H_p: Posterior height.

Table 4 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry T-score and Z-score of the magnetic resonance imaging cohort (n = 1638)

	mean ± SD	Median ± IQR	Range
T-score	-0.3 ± 1.82	-0.5 ± 1.15	-7.4-8.0
Z-score	0.8 ± 1.77	-0.7 ± 1.10	-5.3-9.0

IQR: Interquartile range.